TABLE 3.

Summary of anti-inflammation effects of Re.

Inducer	Experimental Model	Outcome and Proposed Mechanism	Reference(s)
C48/80, LPS	HMC-1 cell, A549 cell	Histamine secretion↓, IL-1α↓, IL-8↓, IL-10↓, RANTES↓	Bae et al. (2012)
TPA	BALB/c mice, Raw 264.7 cells	NO↓, MDA↓, ear edema↓, inflammatory cell infiltration↓, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓	Paul et al. (2012)
LPS	SD rats, BALB/c mice, RAW264.7 cells	WBCs↑, neutrophil counts↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, COX-2↓, iNOS↓, NO production↓, PGE2↓	Su et al. (2015)
LPS, TNBS	ICR mice	ZO-1↑, claudin-1↑, occludin↑, IL-1β↓, TNF-α↓, COX-2↓, iNOS↓, IL-6↓, colon shortening↓	Lee J et al. (2012)
LPS	C57BL/6 mice	ERs↑, PI3K/Akt↑, INF-γ↓, MCP-1↓, LDH↓, CK↓, AST↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, p-p65↓, MAPKs↓	Chen et al. (2016)
LPS	ICR mice, A549, MH-S cells	Neutrophil↓, macrophage infiltration↓, NF-κB↓, MAPKs↓, c-Fos↓	Lee et al. (2018)
LPS	N9 microglia cells	NO↓, TNF-α↓, NF-κB↓, p-ERK↓, p-JNK↓, p-jun↓, p-IκB-α↓	Wu et al. (2007))
LPS	BV2 microglial cells	Cell viability↑, iNOS↓, COX-2↓, p-P38↓	Lee K et al. (2012)
LPS	RAW264.7 cells and primary rat hepatocytes	TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, PGE2↓, NO secreation↓, MAPKs↓, NF-κB↓	Quan et al. (2019)
TNF-α	EAhy926, HEK 293 cells	Cell viability↑, LDH↓, IL-6↓, p-IKK/IKK↓, p-IκB↓, p-NF-κB↓	Li Z et al. (2016)