Table 2.
References | Bees per group | Number of feeding days | sugar/water ratio of bee feed | Number of dead bees per group(a) | Concentration in mg HMF/kg feed | Dose in μg HMF/bee per day | Percentage of mortality/survival with SD/SE as reported in the studies | Derivation of dose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jachimowicz and El Sherbiny (1975)(b),(c) | 500 workers (5 replicates with 100 bees) | 20 | 50/50 |
Year 1973 |
Year 1974 |
Year 1973 |
Year 1974 |
Assuming an uptake of 27.0 mg bee feed/bee per day based on default uptake of 13.5 mg sugar/bee per day(a),(g) | ||
60 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | |||||
70 | 80 | 30 | 0.81 | 14.0 | 16.0 | |||||
287 | 300 | 150* | 4.05* | 57.4* | 60.0* | |||||
496 | 492 | 750* | 20.25* | 99.2* | 98.4* | |||||
Krainer et al. (2016)(d) | 144 workers (3 replicates with 48 bees) | 7/22 | 50/50 | 7 days | 22 days | 7 days | 22 days | Assuming an uptake of 27.0 mg bee feed/bee per day based on default uptake of 13.5 mg sugar/bee per day(a),(g) | ||
1 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 ± 0.47 | 6.7 ± 1.44 | |||||
1 | 97 | 2,000 | 54.00 | 0.7 ± 0.47 | 67.0 ± 2.71* | |||||
7 | 144 | 4,000 | 108.00 | 3.0 ± 0.985* | 100* | |||||
7 | 144 | 8,000 | 216.00 | 5.0 ± 1.26* | 100* | |||||
336/576 larvae (7 replicates with 48 bees, for test groups and for control 12 replicates with 48 bees) | 6 (observation at day 7 or 22) |
33/77 (Considering average sugar contents of Royal Jelly and home‐ made syrup |
30 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 9.0 ± 1.19 | 28.1 ± 0.019 | Assuming an uptake of 28.3 mg bee feed/larvae per day based on uptake of 28.3 μL bee feed/larvae per day(b),(f) | |
23 | 89 | 5 | 0.14 | 6.9 ± 1.5 | 26.4 ± 2.60 | |||||
34 | 102 | 50 | 1.41 | 10.1 ± 1.77 | 30.2 ± 0.027 | |||||
23 | 108 | 750 | 21.22 | 6.8 ± 1.38 | 32.1 ± 0.026 | |||||
176* | 294* | 5,000* | 141.50* | 52.4 ± 2.72* | 87.5 ± 0.018* | |||||
336* | 336* | 7,500* | 212.25* | 100* | ‐‐ | |||||
336* | 336* | 10,000* | 283.00* | 100* | ‐‐ | |||||
Gregorc et al. (2020)(e) |
350 workers (5 replicates with 70 bees) |
5 | 90/10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 99.7 ± 0.3 | Assuming an uptake of 15.0 mg bee feed/bee per day based on a default uptake of 13.5 mg sugar/bee per day(a),(g) | ||
3 | 100 | 1.50 | 99.2 ± 0.5 | |||||||
1 | 500 | 7.50 | 99.6 ± 0.5 | |||||||
2 | 1,000 | 15.00 | 99.4 ± 0.6 | |||||||
2 | 1,500 | 22.50 | 99.5 ± 0.4 | |||||||
350 workers (5 replicates with 70 bees) |
10 | 90/10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 98.8 ± 0.2 | ||||
9 | 100 | 1.50 | 97.5 ± 0.7 | |||||||
6 | 500 | 7.50 | 98.3 ± 0.4 | |||||||
9 | 1,000 | 15.00 | 97.5 ± 0.2 | |||||||
8 | 1,500 | 22.50 | 97.8 ± 1.2 | |||||||
350 workers (5 replicates with 70 bees) |
15 | 90/10 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 97.6 ± 0.4 | ||||
16 | 100 | 1.50 | 95.5 ± 0.9 | |||||||
11 | 500 | 7.50 | 96.9 ± 1.0 | |||||||
14 | 1,000 | 15.00 | 96.1 ± 1.1 | |||||||
28 | 1,500 | 22.50 | 91.9 ± 2.3 | |||||||
350 workers (5 replicates with 70 bees) |
20 | 90/10 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 91.7 ± 0.4 | ||||
40 | 100 | 1.50 | 88.6 ± 6.0 | |||||||
43 | 500 | 7.50 | 87.7 ± 7.4 | |||||||
43 | 1,000 | 15.00 | 87.7 ± 6.2 | |||||||
87 | 1,500 | 22.50* | 75.0 ± 11.6* |
HMF: Hydroxymethylfurfural; SD: standard deviation.
*: Considered as significantly different from control by the study authors.
Percentage of mortality or survival have been converted to dead bees per group.
SE/SD of mortality rates were not reported.
Values are mortality rates.
Values are mortality rates.
Values are survival rates.
Value as reported in Krainer et al. (2016).
Average consumption value derived from Tosi et al. (2021).