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. 2022 Apr 6;13:824483. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.824483

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Copyright © 2022 Rawat, Kanyal, Choubey, Deshmukh, Malhotra, Mamatharani, Rao and Karmodiya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Co-prevalence of the PfKelch13 mutations with other markers of multidrug resistance. (A) SNP data were downloaded from Pf3K (Pilot data release 4) MalariaGEN to analyze key mutations present in the K13 gene (PF3D7_1343700). Genomes of 2,517 isolates were available from 15 different geographical locations, majorly categorized into Africa (1,501) and Asia (1,010) subcontinents and some lab strains (6). Variant annotation for the data was done using snpEff version 4.3. Heatmap representing the mutation present in the different isolates from different geographical areas. Pfcrt (Chloroquine Resistance Transporter) and Pfmdr (Multidrug Resistance Transporter) mutations were also plotted along with the known K13 mutations to understand the co-prevalence of these mutations. (B) Fourteen of the Kelch SNPs known to be associated with artemisinin resistance were assessed for their prevalence across different geographical region and co-existence among the 424 isolates they were found in. Percentage proportion of different K13 mutation prevalent in the different countries used for the study.