Table 4.
Univariate and multivariate Cox‐proportional analysis with adjustment for the prediction of clinical outcomes
| Univariate | Multivariate | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | β | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | ||
| Composite outcome (MACEs) | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.995 (0.974–1.016) | .64 | −.024 | 1.005 (0.985–1.025) | .61 |
| Sex (male) | 1.168 (0.733–1.863) | .51 | .120 | 1.017 (0.698–1.481) | .93 |
| Chronic kidney disease (over Stage 3) | 1.776 (1.107–2.848) | .017 | .422 | 1.706 (1.111–2.620) | .015 |
| Pulse pressure | 1.019 (1.003–1.036) | .023 | .020 | 1.007 (0.993–1.021) | .34 |
| Hypertension | 1.308 (0.599–2.859) | .5 | .120 | 0.762 (0.437– 1.329) | .34 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.307 (0.750–2.279) | .35 | .357 | 1.476 (0.930–2.340) | .10 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.131 (0.674–1.900) | .64 | −.217 | 0.578 (0.369–0.905) | .017 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.156 (0.645–2.073) | .63 | .085 | 1.186 (0.731–1.925) | .49 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.496 (0.911–2.456) | .11 | .391 | 0.995 (0.632–1.567) | .98 |
| eʹ Velocity (cm/s) | 0.907 (0.820–1.002) | .054 | −.103 | 0.904 (0.831–0.983) | .018 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure | |||||
| Age (years) | 1.048 (1.015–1.081) | .003 | .015 | 1.015 (0.982–1.049) | .37 |
| Sex (male) | 1.369 (0.767–2.442) | .29 | .358 | 1.430 (0.781–2.620) | .25 |
| Chronic kidney disease (over Stage 3) | 3.353 (1.896–5.930) | <.001 | .833 | 2.299 (1.162–4.550) | .017 |
| Pulse pressure | 1.027 (1.006–1.048) | .011 | .024 | 1.024 (1.001–1.047) | .041 |
| Hypertension | 1.897 (0.588–6.123) | .28 | .197 | 1.217 (0.349–4.251) | .76 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.789 (0.369–1.687) | .54 | −.147 | 0.863 (0.383–1.944) | .72 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.367 (0.695–2.688) | .37 | −.180 | 0.836 (0.388–1.799) | .65 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.753 (0.912–3.372) | .09 | .224 | 1.252 (0.612–2.560) | .54 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.069 (1.738–5.418) | <.001 | .648 | 1.912 (0.998–3.662) | .051 |
| eʹ Velocity (cm/s) | 0.858 (0.762–0.966) | .012 | −.065 | 0.937 (0.823–1.067) | .33 |
| Cardiac death | |||||
| Age (years) | 1.071 (1.001–1.146) | .046 | .027 | 1.027 (0.961–1.098) | .43 |
| Sex (male) | 4.601 (1.008–21.002) | .049 | 1.504 | 4.500 (0.968–20.927) | .06 |
| Chronic kidney disease (over Stage 3) | 3.792 (1.200–11.976) | .023 | 1.410 | 4.096 (1.022–16.414) | .046 |
| Pulse pressure | 1.000 (0.959–1.043) | 1.00 | .006 | 1.006 (0.957–1.058) | .81 |
| Hypertension | 0.354 (0.095–1.329) | .12 | −1.557 | 0.211 (0.039–1.148) | .07 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.376 (0.048–2.894) | .35 | −.550 | 0.577 (0.066–5.051) | .62 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.411 (0.131–1.285) | .13 | −.947 | 0.388 (0.089–1.684) | .21 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.767 (0.478–6.533) | .39 | −.052 | 0.949 (0.222–4.058) | .94 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.516 (1.432–14.237) | .010 | 1.310 | 3.708 (0.800–17.193) | .09 |
| eʹ Velocity (cm/s) | 0.872 (0.686–1.108) | .26 | −.027 | 0.974 (0.754–1.257) | .84 |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.975 (0.931–1.020) | .27 | −.029 | 0.971 (0.914–1.032) | .34 |
| Sex (male) | 0.514 (0.150–1.755) | .29 | −.856 | 0.425 (0.111–1.620) | .21 |
| Chronic kidney disease (over stage 3) | 1.033 (0.274–3.893) | .96 | −.580 | 0.560 (0.108–2.892) | .49 |
| Pulse pressure | 1.037 (0.995–1.081) | .08 | .042 | 1.043 (1.000–1.087) | .049 |
| Hypertension | 1.619 (0.207–12.658) | .65 | −1.084 | 0.338 (0.025–4.488) | .41 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8.081 (2.365–27.619) | <.001 | 1.817 | 6.154 (1.659–22.832) | .007 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 5.231 (0.669–40.877) | .12 | 1.642 | 5.166 (0.430–62.088) | .20 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 1.059 (0.229–4.902) | .94 | −.030 | 0.970 (0.168–5.593) | .97 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.032 (0.000–10.778) | .25 | −12.290 | 0.000 (0.000 ∼) | .97 |
| eʹ Velocity (cm/s) | 0.952 (0.739–1.227) | .71 | −.217 | 0.805 (0.566–1.145) | .23 |
| Aortic valve replacement | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.923 (0.890–0.958) | <.001 | −.078 | 0.925 (0.887–0.964) | <.001 |
| Sex (male) | 2.060 (0.716–5.932) | .18 | .559 | 1.748 (0.577–5.292) | .32 |
| Chronic kidney disease (over Stage 3) | 0.353 (0.080–1.559) | .17 | .341 | 1.407 (0.259–7.643) | .69 |
| Pulse pressure | 0.979 (0.943–1.017) | .28 | −.028 | 0.972 (0.934–1.012) | .17 |
| Hypertension | 0.952 (0.215–4.210) | .95 | 1.437 | 4.209 (0.775–22.870) | .10 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.602 (0.137–2.647) | .50 | −.324 | 0.723 (0.149–3.505) | .69 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.411 (0.153–1.108) | .08 | −1.238 | 0.290 (0.087–0.966) | .044 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 0.322 (0.042–2.436) | .27 | −.157 | 0.854 (0.100–7.333) | .89 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.206 (0.027–1.558) | .13 | −1.250 | 0.287 (0.033–2.490) | .26 |
| eʹ Velocity (cm/s) | 1.118 (0.907–1.378) | .29 | −.017 | 0.983 (0.801–1.206) | .87 |
Note: MACEs included cardiac death, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for heart failure, and aortic valve replacement.
Adjusted by age, sex, pulse pressure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, cerebrovascular accident, atrial fibrillation, and eʹ velocity.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MACEs, major adverse cardiac events.