Table 3.

Evaluation and validation of standardized clinical coding systems

References	Coding system	Study method	Mandatory usage	Usage	Correct coding (%)
White et al., 2011 [18]	Z codes	EDR-based evaluation in a predoctoral clinic over a 1-year period	No	38.9%	76.7%
Tokede et al., 2013 [25]	DDS	EDR-based multicentric evaluation in predoctoral clinics over a 1-year period	No	12%	60.5%
Sutton et al., 2017 [28]	DDS	Case-based evaluation among general dentistry faculty members	NA	NA	Between 54.7% and 89.3% depending on clinical case
Yansane et al., 2019 [30]	DDS	EDR-based multicentric evaluation in 4 academic research centers and 1 private clinic over a 4-year period	Yes	between 80 and 100%	From 77.7% to 86.2% over the study period
Taylor et al., 2019 [31]	SNODENT	Case-based evaluation among students and faculty members	NA	NA	64.5%

EDR: Electronic Dental Record; DDS: Dental Diagnostic System