Table 6.

User interface evaluation techniques

Methods	Description
User testing [35, 39, 42]	EDR user testing with think-aloud process on pre-defined cases; recording of participants’ think-aloud statements and usability problems; data collection complemented with video, audio, or computer screen capture
Semiotic inspection method [40]	Deconstruction of EDR user interface into 3 sub-elements for analysis: metalinguistic signs, static signs, and dynamic signs
Cognitive task analysis [43]	Analysis of users’ cognitive activities when performing certain tasks like searching for information in an EDR
Real world observations [39]	Observational analyses in real clinical environment to provide insight on EDRs, clinical workflow, information gathering, and diagnostic decision making
Semi-structured interviews [39, 42]	Interviews aimed at assessing users’ experiences with EDRs, and in particular with SCCS, workflow, and interface
Survey method [42]	Questionnaires sent to users regarding improvements to be made on EDR usability domains

EDR: Electronic Dental Record; SCCS: Standardized Clinical Coding System