Table 4.

Modalities for Remediating Practice-Based Learning and Improvement

Modality	References
Intensified direct supervision	[65–67, 72, 77, 82, 87, 95, 96, 99–101, 105, 110, 113, 128, 130, 137, 142]
Role-modelling	[114]
Direct observation & feedback	[9, 62, 68, 69, 72, 85, 93, 98–100, 105, 110, 113, 122, 141, 143],
Simulations of clinical scenarios	[9, 62, 67, 78, 87, 98, 99, 125, 130, 138, 140, 141]
Case discussions	[68, 69, 72, 82, 83, 86, 87, 110, 113, 137, 144]
Clinical tutorials, workshops (Didactic and Educational Activity)	[69, 86, 95, 96, 99, 110, 128, 140, 141, 145]
Lectures	[67, 69, 70, 83]
Counselling	[74, 89, 95, 99, 100, 122]
Clinical embedding such as ward round presentations	[140]
Online courses, assignments, quizzes	[82, 132, 133, 138]
Repeat/increased clinical rotations	[18, 66, 77, 89, 99, 128, 130, 132, 136]
Readings	[65–67, 86, 89, 110, 128, 131, 137]
Holistic support (e.g. alcohol addiction rehabilitation, underlying reasons for substandard skills)	[9, 87, 97, 130, 134]