Table 7.

Modalities for Remediating Professionalism

Modality	References
Intensified direct supervision	[9, 62, 65–68, 72, 77, 85, 87, 95, 98, 99, 105, 113, 114, 122, 128, 130, 132, 137, 139, 141–143]
Professional coaching to correct personal behaviour	[72, 89, 95, 99, 105, 114, 122, 137, 139, 145]
Role-modelling	[108, 114]
Simulations of clinical scenarios	[9, 61, 62, 67, 74, 78, 87, 88, 98, 99, 125, 130, 138–141]
Case discussions	[72, 82, 86–88, 113, 137, 144]
Clinical tutorials, workshops (Didactic and Educational Activity)	[95, 99, 112, 128, 140, 141, 145]
Lectures	[67]
Counselling	[74, 89, 95, 99, 114, 122]
Clinical embedding such as ward round presentations	[140]
Online courses, assignments, quizzes	[82, 132]
Repeat/increased clinical rotations	[18, 66, 77, 89, 99, 128, 130, 132, 136]
Readings	[65–67, 89, 128, 137]
Holistic support (e.g. alcohol addiction rehabilitation, underlying reasons for substandard skills)	[87, 97, 98, 104, 106, 130]