Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics overall and by treatment allocation*
| Total (N = 59) |
Placebo arm (N = 28) |
Estradiol arm (N = 31) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 28.6 (4.6) | 29.3 (5.1) | 28.0 (4.1) |
| BMI | |||
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 18 (31%) | 7 (25%) | 11 (35%) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 21 (36%) | 11 (39%) | 10 (32%) |
| Obese (30+) | 20 (34%) | 10 (36%) | 10 (32%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White non-Hispanic | 44 (76%) | 18 (67%) | 26 (84%) |
| Black non-Hispanic | 5 (9%) | 3 (11%) | 2 (6%) |
| Hispanic | 6 (10%) | 5 (19%) | 1 (3%) |
| Other race/ethnicity | 3 (5%) | 1 (4%) | 2 (6%) |
| Insurance type | |||
| Self-pay/uninsured | 5 (8%) | 3 (11%) | 2 (6%) |
| Government- assisted | 9 (15%) | 4 (14%) | 5 (16%) |
| Private | 45 (76%) | 21 (75%) | 24 (77%) |
| Education level | |||
| High school graduate | 9 (15%) | 3 (11%) | 6 (19%) |
| Some college | 7 (12%) | 3 (11%) | 4 (13%) |
| College graduate | 22 (37%) | 9 (32%) | 13 (42%) |
| Graduate degree | 21 (36%) | 13 (46%) | 8 (26%) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 8 (14%) | 4 (14%) | 4 (13%) |
| Married | 41 (69%) | 21 (75%) | 20 (65%) |
| Domestic partner | 10 (17%) | 3 (11%) | 7 (23%) |
| Depression | 13 (22%) | 7 (25%) | 6 (19%) |
| Laceration type | |||
| Second degree | 52 (88%) | 25 (89%) | 27 (87%) |
| Third or fourth degree | 7 (12%) | 3 (11%) | 4 (13%) |
| Birth weight (kg), mean (SD) | 3.5 (0.3) | 3.6 (0.3) | 3.4 (0.4) |
| Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD) | 39.6 (1.1) | 40.0 (1.1) | 39.3 (1.0) |
| Duration of ruptured membranes (hours), median [Q1-Q3] | 8.1 [4.4–16.4] | 7.7 [4.5–12.5] | 9.7 [2.8–20.0] |
| Second stage of labor (hours), median [Q1-Q3] | 1.2 [0.5–2.3] | 1.0 [0.5–2.3] | 1.3 [0.8–2.5] |
| GBS colonization | 9 (15%) | 5 (18%) | 4 (13%) |
| Chorioamnionitis intrapartum | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) |
| Antibiotics in labor | 9 (15%) | 5 (18%) | 4 (13%) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Gestational | 4 (7%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (6%) |
| Pregestational | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) |
| Shoulder dystocia | 2 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 1 (3%) |
| Operative delivery | 4 (7%) | 3 (11%) | 1 (3%) |
| Episiotomy | 6 (10%) | 3 (11%) | 3 (10%) |
| Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury (OASIS) | 7 (12%) | 3 (11%) | 4 (13%) |
| Antibiotics postpartum | 7 (12%) | 2 (7%) | 5 (16%) |
| Planned birth control method | |||
| None | 6 (10%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (13%) |
| Abstinence | 13 (22%) | 3 (11%) | 10 (32%) |
| Condoms | 15 (25%) | 7 (25%) | 8 (26%) |
| Withdrawal | 6 (10%) | 2 (7%) | 4 (13%) |
| Progesterone-only pills | 5 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (16%) |
| Combined oral | 7 (12%) | 3 (11%) | 4 (13%) |
| Contraceptives | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Vaginal ring | 4 (7%) | 2 (7%) | 2 (6%) |
| Depo-Provera | 10 (17%) | 6 (21%) | 4 (13%) |
| IUD | 8 (14%) | 7 (25%) | 1 (3%) |
| Other | |||
| Plan to breastfeed | 56 (95%) | 27 (96%) | 29 (94%) |
*At randomization; BMI = body mass index; GBS = group B streptococcus