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. 2022 Apr 20;10(8):e15253. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15253

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

First protocol: Subjects reported to the laboratory after an average of 3.0 ± 0.5 h of fasting. The first blood sample was obtained after a 30‐min baseline ECG and blood pressure (BP) recording. Then taVNS or sham‐taVNS (randomized order, at least 1 week apart) was performed for 30 min during which the ECG and BP recordings were continued. This was followed by another 30 min of ECG and BP recording before the second blood sample was obtained. Second protocol: Subjects reported to the laboratory after an average of 6.6 ± 0.8 h of fasting. The first blood sample was obtained after a 30‐min baseline ECG and BP recording. Following ingestion of a high‐calorie beverage, taVNS or sham‐taVNS (randomized order, at least 1 week apart) was performed for 30 min during which the ECG and BP recordings were continued. Then the second blood sample was obtained