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. 2022 Apr 20;10(8):e15253. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15253

TABLE 1.

Subjects baseline characteristics

Parameter First Protocol Second Protocol
N (female/male) 16 (13/3) 10 (6/4)
Age (years) 33 ± 4 [24–71, n = 16] 44 ± 7 [23–83, n = 10]
BMI (kg/m2) 27.4 ± 1.6 [17–44, n = 16] 25.8 ± 1.9 [17–35, n = 10]
Systolic BP (mmHg) 114 ± 3 [95–134, n = 16] 116 ± 6 [91–147, n = 10]
Diastolic BP (mmHg) 80 ± 2 [72–96, n = 16] 80 ± 2 [64–89, n = 10]
Heart rate (bpm) 77 ± 3 [46–92, n = 16] 74 ± 5 [58–108, n = 10]
Fasting duration (hours) 3.0 ± 0.5 [1–9, n = 16] 6.6 ± 0.8 [3–10, n = 10]*
Glucose (mg/dl) 102.3 ± 1.8 [89–115, n = 16] 96.7 ± 2.9 [86–112, n = 10]*
Insulin (pg/ml) 828 ± 129 [320–1514, n = 9] 146 ± 36 [63–453, n = 10]*
C‐Peptide (ng/ml) 3.0 ± 0.3 [1.9–4.5, n = 9] 0.6 ± 0.09 [0.3–1.1, n = 10]*
Glucagon (ng/ml) 2.2 ± 0.3 [0.9–3.0, n = 9] 0.5 ± 0.07 [0.2–0.9, n = 10]*
Leptin (ng/ml) 15.3 ± 3.5 [2.3–34.5, n = 9] 3.9 ± 1.5 [0.5–15.0, n = 10]*
Ghrelin (pg/ml) 668 ± 91 [260–1065, n = 9] 259 ± 31 [76–388, n = 10]*

Values are pooled baseline data obtained on the first and second study visit (taVNS or sham‐taVNS trial) before the intervention. Data are means ± SEM. Values in brackets are ranges and the number of subjects.

Abbreviations: BM, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; N, number of subjects.

*

p < 0.05 first versus second protocol (independent t‐tests).