Table 1. Geographic Access to Treatment Services Among ZCTAs Within the Continental United States in 2020.
| Measure of access | ZCTA, Median (IQR) | P valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (N = 32 584) | Rural (n = 13 860) | Suburban (n = 8067) | Urban (n = 10 657) | ||
| Median drive time, min b | |||||
| Methadone | 35 (16-60) | 62 (44-84) | 39 (27-54) | 13 (7-20) | <.001 |
| Extended-release naltrexone | 22 (9-40) | 38 (23-59) | 25 (16-37) | 7 (0-12) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 20 (8-34) | 33 (22-49) | 22 (15-32) | 6 (0-11) | <.001 |
| Buprenorphine | 16 (0-30) | 28 (17-43) | 19 (10-28) | 0 (0-7) | <.001 |
| Locations within 30 min c | |||||
| Methadone | 0 (0-2) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-1) | 3 (1-8) | <.001 |
| Extended-release naltrexone | 2 (0-10) | 0 (0-1) | 1 (0-4) | 20 (8-42) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 2 (0-8) | 0 (0-1) | 2 (0-3) | 16 (7-36) | <.001 |
| Buprenorphine | 8 (1-53) | 1 (0-5) | 6 (1-19) | 117 (43-269) | <.001 |
| Locations per 100 000 population d | |||||
| Methadone | 0 (0-31) | 0 (0-0) | 0 (0-20) | 32 (11-99) | <.001 |
| Extended-release naltrexone | 62 (0-302) | 0 (0-118) | 44 (0-272) | 202 (72-544) | <.001 |
| Dialysis | 69 (0-253) | 0 (0-128) | 62 (0-241) | 163 (67-427) | <.001 |
| Buprenorphine | 379 (24-1619) | 78 (0-587) | 287 (32-1304) | 1212 (441-3468) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: ZCTA, zip code tabulation area.
a
Rural, suburban, and urban results were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.
b
Drive time represents the time in minutes from the population weighted center of the ZCTA to the ZCTA of the nearest treatment location for each treatment type.
c
Locations within 30 minutes represents the number of treatment locations within 30-minute drive of a ZCTA.
d
Locations per 100 000 population refers to the number of treatment locations within a 30-minute drive of a ZCTA per 100 000 zip code inhabitants.