Table 2.
List of potential probiotics with their sources, effects against various diseases, and possible mechanisms that could have prospects against coronavirus disease-19
| Probiotics | Sources or administered forms | Effects | Possible Mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| L. rhamnosus GG, B. lactis and L. acidophilus | Yogurt | Prevents gastrointestinal diseases, and resolved gastrointestinal well-being and digestive symptoms | Modulates the immune system or the composition of gut microbiota and their bi-products | [96] |
| L. delbrueckii, L. bulgaricus and S. salivarius thermophilus | Yogurt | Prevents antibiotic-associated diarrhea | Modulates the gastrointestinal flora composition and immune response | [98] |
| L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and S. thermophiles | Yogurt | Reduces incidence of RTIs | Increases IFN-γ production in serum | [124] |
| Lactobacillus sp., and Bifidobacterium sp. | Yogurt | Prevents irritable bowel syndrome | Exerts anti-inflammatory activities | [125] |
| L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, B. longum, B.breve, and B. infantis | Kefir | Prevents gastrointestinal diseases | Enhances immune responses by enhancing epithelial barrier functions | [126] |
| L. kimchii sp. nov. | Kimchi | Prevents gastrointestinal diseases | Modulates the immune system by increasing NK cells and macrophages activities | [127] |
| L. plantarum 299v | Fermented oatmeal gruel | Reduces incidence and duration of RTIs | Helps to restore paracellular permeability of gut barrier | [128] |
| B. breve Yakult, and L.casei Shirota | Fermented drinks | Reduces the duration of ventilator-associated pneumonia | Enhances immune response by modulating gut microbiota | [129] |
| L. brevis KB290 | Fermented drinks | Reduces incidence and duration of RTIs | Enhances immune response and promote resistance against pathogen | [103] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic juice | Reduces the duration of RTIs | Immunomodulatory interactions with intestinal epithelial cells | [130] |
| L. plantarum DR7 | Placebo products Selangor, Malaysia | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Enhances immune response by increasing plasma anti-inflammatory cytokine, and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine | [74] |
| L. gasseri KS-13, B. bifidum G9-1, and B. longum MM-2 | Probiotic placebo | Enhances CD4+lymphocytes circulation and digestive health | Produces a less inflammatory cytokine profile by changing the microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract | [131] |
| L. plantarum ATCC-202195 with fructooligosaccharide | Probiotic placebo | Prevents sepsis and reduces mortality rate | Inhibits pathogen adherence and translocation | [104] |
| L. plantarum | Probiotic placebo | Prevents ventilator-associated pneumonia and critical illness | Inhibits pathogen adherence, modulates local and systemic immune response, and improves gut barrier function | [132] |
| L. casei rhamnosus; L. plantarum; Synbiotic 2000FORTE; Ergyphilus; combination B. longum, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus | Probiotic placebo | Prevents ventilator-associated pneumonia and critical illness | Inhibits pathogen colonization and enhance immunity | [111] |
| S. boulardii | Probiotic placebo | Reduces the duration of diarrhea | Stimulates intestinal secretion of immunoglobulins and brush border membrane enzymes of intestinal cells | [133] |
| B. longum, L. bulgaricus, S. thermophiles | Probiotic placebo | Prevents ventilator-associated pneumonia | Enhances innate immunity by modulating gut microflora | [35] |
| L. plantarum 299 | Probiotic placebo | Reduces bowel symptoms and duration of stay in the intensive care unit | Enhances immune response by influencing cytokine release and immunoglobulin production | [134] |
| L. casei rhamnosus | Probiotic placebo | Reduces incidences of RTIs and ventilator-associated pneumonia | Inhibits pathogenic growth by adhering to intestinal cells and transiently colonizing the intestinal tract | [135] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic placebo | Prevents antibiotic-associated diarrhea | Enhances probiotic adherence to intestinal epithelial cells by producing soluble proteins | [99] |
| S. boulardii | Probiotic placebo | Prevents antibiotic-associated diarrhea | Imparts anti-inflammatory activity by modulating MAP kinase signaling pathways | [136] |
| Lactobacillus sp., and S. boulardii | Probiotic placebo | Reduces the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea | Restoration of gut microbiome, inhibition of epithelial and mucosal adherence of pathogens, lowering pH | [97,100] |
| L. rhamnosus GG and S. boulardii | Probiotic placebo | Reduces the duration of acute infectious diarrhea | Enhances immune response by influencing gut mucosal barrier integrity | [137] |
| B. longum | Probiotic sachet | Enhances innate immunity and microbiota diversity | Enhances immune response by increasing NK cells activity | [138] |
| L. plantarum HEAL 9 and L. paracasei 8700:2 | Probiotic sachet | Reduces symptoms of RTIs | Enhances innate immune system by increasing immune cell counts | [139] |
| B. animalis | Probiotic sachet | Reduce the severity of RTIs | Enhance innate immunity by interacting with gut microbiome | [107] |
| L. rhamnosus LGG and B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12 | Probiotic sachet | Reduce the severity of RTIs | Prevents replication of virus and modulates immune function | [140] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic capsule | Reduce incidence of RTIs | Enhances innate immunity | [141] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic capsule | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Increases IFN-γ production | [110] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic capsule | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Enhances innate immune system by increasing phagocytosis, cytokine production, and NK cell activity | [109] |
| L. rhamnosus M21 | Probiotic capsule | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Activates humoral as well as cellular immune responses | [142] |
| C. butyricum | Probiotic tablet | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Enhances innate immunity and microbiota diversity | [112] |
| L. gasseri PA 16/8, B. longum SP 07/3, and B. bifidum MF 20/5 | Probiotic milk | Reduces the severity and duration of RTIs | Increases innate immunity by increasing immune cell counts | [143] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Probiotic milk | Reduce incidence and duration of RTIs | Activates mucosal innate immune responses | [102] |
| L. johnsonii | Fermented milk | Reduces the infections, duration of stay in the intensive care unit and under mechanical ventilation | Improves intestinal barrier and hinders pathogen adhesion | [144] |
| B. animalis DN-173 010, B. lactis DN-173 010 | Activia, Danone, USA | Prevents gastrointestinal diseases, and improved gastrointestinal well-being and digestive symptoms | Influences inflammatory cytokine profile and modulates gut microflora | [145,146] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Gefilus milk, Riihimäki, Finland | Reduces gastrointestinal and respiratory infections | Enhances humoral and cellular immunity | [147] |
| L. casei DN-114 001 | DanActive/Actimel fermented drink, Danone, USA | Reduces incidence and duration of RTIs | Enhances immune response by increasing leukocytes, neutrophils, and NK cell counts and producing cytokines in serum | [90,91] |
| L. casei DN-114001 | Actimel fermented drink, Danone, USA | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Enhances immune response by increasing immune cell counts | [148] |
| L. gasseri PA 16/8, B. longum SP 07/3, and B. bifidum MF 20/5 | Tribion harmonis, Merck | Reduces duration and severity of flu-like illness | Influences immune cells to release pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and expresses costimulatory molecules | [87] |
| L. rhamnosus GG | Culturelle, Cromwell, USA | Reduces the risk of viral RTIs and improves digestive health | Enhances gut barrier integrity | [101] |
| B. longum BB536 | Morinaga milk, Tokyo, Japan | Reduces the risk of RTIs | Enhances innate immunity by increasing neutrophils and NK cells activities | [88] |
| L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb-12 | Enfamil; Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, USA | Reduces the risk of recurrent otitis media and respiratory infections | Enhances mucosa-associated immune system by immunomodulation and reducing pathogen colonization | [105] |
| P. pentosaceus 5-33:3, L. mesenteroides 32-77:1, L. paracasei ssp. paracasei 19, L. plantarum 2,362 plus inulin, oat bran, pectin, and resistant starch | Medipharm, Sweden | Reduces the rate of SIRS, infections, sepsis, duration of stay in the intensive care unit, under mechanical ventilation, and mortality | Enhances innate immunity by modulating gut microflora and improving immunological gut barrier function | [149] |
L. rhamnosus: Lactobacillus rhamnosus, B. lactis: Bifidobacterium lactis, L. acidophilus: Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. delbrueckii: Lactobacillus delbrueckii, S. salivarius: Streptococcus salivarius, S. thermophiles: Streptococcus thermophiles, L. casei: Lacticaseibacillus casei, L. plantarum: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, B. longum: Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve: Bifidobacterium breve, B. infantis: Bifidobacterium infantis, L. kimchii: Lactobacillus kimchii, L. brevis: Lactobacillus brevis, L. gasseri: Lactobacillus gasseri, B. bifidum: Bifidobacterium Bifidum, L. bulgaricus: Lactobacillus bulgaricus, S. boulardii: Saccharomyces boulardii, L. paracasei: Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, B. animalis: Bifidobacterium animalis, C. butyricum: Clostridium butyricum, L. johnsonii: Lactobacillus johnsonii, L. mesenteroides: Leuconostoc mesenteroides, P. pentosaceus: Pediococcus pentosaceus, SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, RTIs: Respiratory tract infections, IFN-γ: Interferon gamma, MAP: Mitogen-activated protein, NK: Natural killer