Figure 1.

Mechanism of activation of key molecules for pyroptosis by monosodium urate (MSU) in gout. MSU can activate key molecules involved in pyroptosis, such as NLRP3 inflammasome, and promote the release of IL-1β through various mechanisms. MSU-stimulated destabilization of lysosomes leads to the release of cathepsin, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome by regulating ATP metabolism through the cell surface pannexin/connexin channels and purinergic receptors. In addition, MSU can regulate intracellular ion concentrations and mitochondrial function, leading to the release and production of substances, such as ROS, to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. The complement system, particularly the lectin system, is also partially involved in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.