Table 3.
Results of multivariable OLS regression and quantile regression for height-for-age z scores (HAZ) of under-five children, Nepal MICS 2019 (N = 6288)
| Variables | Coefficients (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLS | 0.10 quantile | 0.30 quantile | 0.50 quantile | 0.85 quantile | |
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Child’s age (months) | -0.02 (-0.023 to -0.018)*** | -0.01 (-0.02 to -0.01)*** | -0.01 (-0.02 to -0.01)*** | -0.02 (-0.02 to -0.01)*** | -0.03 (-0.03 to -0.02)*** |
| Child’s sex | |||||
| Female | |||||
| Male | -0.17 (-0.25 to -0.08)*** | -0.21 (-0.36 to -0.06)** | -0.15 (-0.24 to -0.06)** | -0.13 (-0.22 to -0.04)** | -0.12 (-0.22 to -0.01)* |
| Birth order | |||||
| First | |||||
| Second and third | -0.06 (-0.16 to 0.05) | -0.02 (-0.19 to 0.15) | -0.07 (-0.18 to 0.03) | -0.04 (-0.15 to 0.06) | -0.02 (-0.13 to 0.09) |
| Fourth and above | 0.04 (-0.15 to 0.24) | 0.10 (-0.20 to 0.39) | -0.05 (-0.25 to 0.15) | 0.01 (-0.16 to 0.18) | 0.13 (-0.07 to 0.33) |
| Mother’s characteristics | |||||
| Mother’s age at birth | |||||
| < 20 years | |||||
| 20–34 years | 0.10 (-0.03 to 0.24) | 0.13 (-0.10 to 0.37) | 0.14 (0.03 to 0.25)* | 0.19 (0.04 to 0.35)* | -0.003 (-0.14 to 0.14) |
| More than 34 years | 0.01 (-0.27 to 0.30)) | -0.15 (-0.43 to 0.14) | 0.02 (-0.25 to 0.29) | 0.13 (-0.13 to 0.39) | -0.03 (-0.39 to 0.33) |
| Education status of mother | |||||
| No formal education | |||||
| Primary education (grade1-5) | -0.06 (-0.22 to 0.10) | -0.19 (-0.46 to 0.08) | -0.09 (-0.24 to 0.05) | 0.02 (-0.13 to 0.17) | 0.03 (-0.14 to 0.20) |
| Secondary education (grade 6–10) | 0.04 (-0.10 to 0.19) | -0.001 (-0.25 to 0.25) | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.26)* | 0.12 (-0.0005 to 0.23) | -0.06 (-0.20 to 0.08) |
| Higher secondary and above (grade 11 and above) | 0.25 (0.08 to 0.43)** | 0.08 (-0.18 to 0.34) | 0.34 (0.17 to 0.51)*** | 0.36 (0.21 to 0.52)*** | 0.20 (0.01 to 0.40)* |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Number of under-five children in household | |||||
| One | |||||
| Two | -0.03 (-0.13 to 0.08) | -0.12 (-0.28 to 0.03) | -0.09 (-0.19 to 0.02) | 0.01 (-0.09 to 0.11) | -0.03 (-0.15 to 0.09) |
| Three | 0.03 (-0.22 to 0.28) | 0.05 (-0.37 to 0.48) | -0.30 (-0.50 to -0.10)** | -0.16 (-0.43 to 0.10) | 0.37 (0.11 to 0.64)** |
| Four or more | -0.23 (-0.57 to 0.10) | -0.33 (-1.19 to 0.52) | -0.13 (-0.59 to 0.33) | -0.21 (-0.54 to 0.11) | 0.05 (-0.65 to 0.76) |
| Number of household members | |||||
| Two to five members | |||||
| Six to eight members | 0.07 (-0.03 to 0.18) | 0.08 (-0.07 to 0.24) | 0.09 (-0.01 to 0.19) | 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.17) | 0.05 (-0.07 to 0.17) |
| Nine or more members | -0.13 (-0.33 to 0.06) | -0.24 (-0.50 to 0.02) | -0.09 (-0.26 to 0.07) | -0.17 (-0.33 to-0.01)* | -0.16 (-0.33 to 0.01) |
| Source of drinking water | |||||
| Improved | |||||
| Unimproved | 0.02 (-0.16 to 0.20) | 0.07 (-0.46 to 0.59) | 0.003 (-0.21 to 0.21) | 0.08 (-0.16 to 0.31) | 0.19 (0.01 to 0.36)* |
| Type of toilet facility | |||||
| Improved | |||||
| Unimproved | -0.18 (-0.39 to 0.03) | -0.74 (-1.15 to -0.33)*** | -0.37 (-0.64 to -0.11)** | -0.08 (-0.29 to 0.12) | 0.09 (-0.32 to 0.51) |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi | |||||
| Janajati and Newar | 0.12 (0.02 to 0.23)* | 0.08 (-0.10 to 0.26) | 0.15 (0.04 to 0.27)** | 0.10 (-0.004 to 0.21) | 0.10 (-0.02 to 0.21) |
| Dalit and Muslim | 0.05 (-0.08 to 0.18) | 0.02 (-0.17 to 0.20) | 0.03 (-0.10 to 0.17) | 0.04 (-0.09 to 0.17) | 0.10 (-0.04 to 0.24) |
| Others (eg. Marwadi, Bangali) | -0.18 (-0.40 to 0.05) | -0.73 (-1.02 to -0.43)*** | -0.18 (-0.35 to -0.02)* | -0.17 (-0.39 to 0.06) | -0.07 (-0.39 to 0.24) |
| Residence | |||||
| Rural | |||||
| Urban | 0.06 (-0.04 to 0.15) | 0.06 (-0.10 to 0.22) | 0.02 (-0.07 to 0.11) | 0.08 (-0.01 to 0.17) | 0.05 (-0.06 to 0.15) |
| Province | |||||
| Province 1 | |||||
| Madhesh province | -0.24 (-0.41 to -0.06)** | -0.54 (-0.83 to -0.25)*** | -0.21 (-0.37 to -0.05)* | -0.25 (-0.42 to -0.07)** | -0.08 (-0.29 to 0.13) |
| Bagmati province | -0.31 (-0.46 to -0.16)*** | -0.27 (-0.51 to -0.04)* | -0.22 (-0.37 to -0.07)** | -0.24 (-0.41 to -0.08)** | -0.40 (-0.53 to -0.26)*** |
| Gandaki province | -0.23 (-0.39 to -0.08)** | -0.10 (-0.34 to 0.14) | -0.12 (-0.26 to 0.01) | -0.17 (-0.31 to -0.03)* | -0.34 (-0.52 to -0.16)*** |
| Lumbini province | -0.44 (-0.58 to -0.30)*** | -0.29 (-0.49 to -0.08)** | -0.37 (-0.50 to -0.23)*** | -0.39 (-0.53 to -0.25)*** | -0.52 (-0.70 to -0.35)*** |
| Karnali province | -0.54 (-0.71 to -0.36)*** | -0.65 (-0.94 to -0.37)*** | -0.52 (-0.71 to -0.34)*** | -0.54 (-0.74 to -0.34)*** | -0.58 (-0.79 to -0.38)*** |
| Sudurpaschim province | -0.43 (-0.59 to -0.27)*** | -0.31 (-0.55 to -0.07)* | -0.43 (-0.58 to -0.28)*** | -0.50 (-0.66 to -0.34)*** | -0.45 (-0.63 to -0.26)*** |
| Wealth index quintile | |||||
| Poorest | |||||
| Poor | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.40)*** | 0.46 (0.20 to 0.72)** | 0.30 (0.16 to 0.44)*** | 0.23 (0.10 to 0.38)** | 0.25 (0.11 to 0.39)*** |
| Middle | 0.32 (0.17 to 0.48)*** | 0.49 (0.24 to 0.75)*** | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.40)*** | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.40)** | 0.28 (0.12 to 0.43)** |
| Richer | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.60)*** | 0.66 (0.38 to 0.94)*** | 0.42 (0.27 to 0.57)*** | 0.40 (0.25 to 0.56)*** | 0.43 (0.27 to 0.59)*** |
| Richest | 0.59 (0.39 to 0.78)*** | 0.97 (0.68 to 1.26)*** | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.86)*** | 0.47 (0.27 to 0.68)*** | 0.59 (0.36 to 0.81)*** |
***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05
Abbreviation: CI Confidence Interval, MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, OLS Ordinary Least Square