Figure 6.

RGD-EV:siPDL1synergizes with RT to promote CD8⁺T cell effector function in GBM. GBM-bearing mice were treated with RT and/or different EV formulations, and infiltrating lymphocytes were extracted from the GBM microenvironment and cultured under stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. (A) Representative zebra plots depicting IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Granzyme B expression on TIL CD8⁺ T cells in GBM. (B) Quantification of TIL CD8⁺ T cell effector function as determined by the percentage of IFN-γ⁺, TNF-α⁺, and Granzyme B⁺ population and their MFI. Data presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA.