Table 1.
Predictors of pneumonia in laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 (n = 409,493) during the Omicron variant emergence, Mexico 2021–2022.
| Characteristic |
Pneumonia (n) |
Bivariate analysis |
Multiple analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no | / | yes | RR | (95% CI) | P | RR | (95% CI) | P | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 227,962 | / | 1583 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 178,018 | / | 1930 | 1.004 | (1.003–1.005) | <0.001 | 1.002 | (1.001–1.003) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | |||||||||
| 18–39 | 236,874 | / | 401 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 40–59 | 144,697 | / | 969 | 1.005 | (1.004–1.006) | <0.001 | 1.002 | (1.001–1.003) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 24,409 | / | 2143 | 1.082 | (1.079–1.086) | <0.001 | 1.065 | (1.062–1.068) | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 vaccination statusa | |||||||||
| Unvaccinated | 240,145 | / | 2479 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Vaccinated | 165,835 | / | 1034 | 0.996 | (0.995–0.997) | <0.001 | 0.996 | (0.995–0.997) | <0.001 |
| Personal history of: | |||||||||
| Obesity | |||||||||
| No | 240,145 | / | 2479 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 165,835 | / | 1034 | 1.008 | (1.006–1.009) | <0.001 | 1.001 | (0.998–1.002) | 0.620 |
| Smoking (current) | |||||||||
| No | 389,275 | / | 3222 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 16,705 | / | 291 | 1.009 | (1.007–1.011) | <0.001 | 1.001 | (1.004–1.007) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease | |||||||||
| No | 404,561 | / | 3317 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 1419 | / | 196 | 1.120 | (1.102–1.138) | <0.001 | 1.058 | (1.042–1.075) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |||||||||
| No | 384,050 | / | 2261 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 21,930 | / | 1252 | 1.049 | (1.046–1.052) | <0.001 | 1.018 | (1.015–1.021) | <0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | |||||||||
| No | 371,552 | / | 1864 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 34,428 | / | 1649 | 1.042 | (1.039–1.044) | <0.001 | 1.012 | (1.010–1.015) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease (any stage) | |||||||||
| No | 403,438 | / | 3020 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 2542 | / | 493 | 1.168 | (1.152–1.183) | <0.001 | 1.119 | (1.105–1.134) | <0.001 |
| Immunosuppressionb | |||||||||
| No | 404,590 | / | 3387 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 1390 | / | 126 | 1.078 | (1.063–1.093) | <0.001 | 1.037 | (1.023–1.052) | <0.001 |
RR, risk ratios; CI, confidence interval.
(1) Generalized linear regression models were used to obtain the presented estimates; (2) RR and 95% CI from the multiple analysis were adjusted by the variables presented in the table.
a
Vaccinated adults were those two shots of BNT162b2 (Pfizer, Inc./BioNTech) or AZD1222 Covishield (AstraZeneca); unvaccinated participants were those who had not received any COVID-19 vaccine dose from any pharmaceutical company.
b
Any cause (excepting type 2 diabetes mellitus).