Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the participants divided according to diagnosis, performance at the self-description task, and levels of significance of the observed differences (one-way ANOVA for the main group effect; and age-corrected GLM ANOVA for post-hoc comparisons between Post-COVID depressed patients and other groups). Values are means ± SD.
| Post Covid non-depressed (n = 281) – Group I |
Post-COVID depressed (n = 81) - Group II | Major depressive episode (n = 73) - Group III | Healthy controls (n = 294) - Group IV | F or χ2 | p | Post-hoc tests p-Values (Group II vs other groups) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II VS I | II VS III | II VS IV | |||||||
| Sex (M/F) | 213/68 | 32/49 | 29/44 | 133/161 | 75.251 | <0.0001 | |||
| Age | 58.29 ± 11.17 | 58.17 ± 12.66 | 54.27 ± 12.96 | 40.46 ± 14.15 | 106.99 | <0.0001 | 0.9203 | 0.0235 | <0.0001 |
| Weeks after virus clearance | 13.62 ± 7.95 | 14.17 ± 7.85 | – | – | 0.30 | 0.583 | |||
| Frequency of attribution of positive elements | 87.31 ± 8.29 | 76.30 ± 11.62 | 51.59 ± 15.29 | 82.03 ± 9.19 | 256.93 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0011 |
| Frequency of attribution of negative elements | 12.69 ± 8.29 | 23.70 ± 11.62 | 48.41 ± 15.29 | 17.79 ± 9.13 | 258.65 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0011 |
| Latency of attribution of positive elements (msec) | 1640.7 ± 616.0 | 1844.4 ± 655.6 | 6220.2 ± 4454.6 | 1635.9 ± 504.0 | 200.36 | <0.0001 | 0.0070 | <0.0001 | 0.0939 |
| Latency of attribution of negative elements (msec) | 2279.9 ± 971.2 | 2306.7 ± 864.7 | 6025.0 ± 4166.4 | 2187.1 ± 830.7 | 125.75 | <0.0001 | 0.7778 | <0.0001 | 0.5488 |
| Ratio between latencies for positive and negative elements | 0.75 ± 0.17 | 0.82 ± 0.15 | 1.10 ± 0.60 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 40.36 | <0.0001 | 0.0016 | <0.0001 | 0.0132 |
| ZSDS index score | 36.86 ± 6.08 | 58.11 ± 6.61 | 70.50 ± 10.23 | – | 793.12 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | – |
| Cognition Questionnaire | (n = 141) | (n = 47) | (n = 73) | – | |||||
| Total score | 10.27 ± 5.33 | 17.57 ± 9.61 | 26.15 ± 10.87 | – | 94.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | – |
| Emotional impact | 1.28 ± 1.56 | 2.81 ± 2.72 | 5.04 ± 3.11 | – | 64.11 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0003 | – |
| Attribution of causality | 3.18 ± 1.88 | 4.43 ± 2.48 | 5.23 ± 2.44 | – | 22.84 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 | 0.1910 | – |
| Generalization across time | 1.45 ± 1.42 | 3.21 ± 2.31 | 5.11 ± 3.12 | – | 68.65 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0020 | – |
| Generalization across situations | 3.11 ± 1.97 | 5.06 ± 2.68 | 6.34 ± 3.01 | – | 44.88 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0604 | – |
| Perceived uncontrollability | 1.30 ± 1.72 | 2.06 ± 2.27 | 4.64 ± 2.87 | – | 56.21 | <0.0001 | 0.0196 | <0.0001 | – |