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. 2022 Apr 6;13:856457. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856457

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Copyright © 2022 Moure, Tan, Sha, Lu, Shao, Yang, Wang and Cui

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic illustration of the main signaling pathways (Toll, Imd, and JAK/STAT) in insects upon microbial attacks. See Section 2 for the description of the paths.