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. 2022 Apr 20;13(4):378. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04821-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The TME is the environment that tumors depend on for survival and is often described as low oxygen, low pH, and various metabolic changes—enhanced glycolysis, abnormal amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. These changes also led to changes in immune cells in the microenvironment, with an increase in various tumor-related immune cells and a decrease in inhibitory cells—more TAMs, tumor-associated dendritic cells (TADCs), Treg and M2-like macrophages, fewer Teff cells, and more CD8⁺Tmem cells, and various toxic metabolites glutamine, canine urine, and lactic acid also increased.