Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics between 3 trajectory groups.
| Characteristics | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 117 | N = 141 | N = 24 | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 71 (60.7%) | 87 (61.7%) | 14 (58.3%) |
| Female | 46 (39.3%) | 54 (38.3%) | 10 (41.7%) |
| Age, year | 66.6 ± 11.3 | 65.8 ± 11.7 | 62.2 ± 16.2 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 ± 4.6 | 25.7 ± 5.1 | 25.8 ± 5.7 |
| Occupation status | |||
| No occupation | 94 (80.3%) | 113 (80.1%) | 18 (75.0%) |
| With occupation | 23 (19.7%) | 28 (19.9%) | 6 (25.0%) |
| Education level | |||
| Primary school or lower | 40 (34.2%) | 52 (36.9%) | 7 (29.2%) |
| Middle or high school | 56 (47.9%) | 65 (46.1%) | 14 (58.3%) |
| College or above | 21 (17.9%) | 24(17.0%) | 3 (12.5%) |
| Marital status | |||
| Single, separated or divorced | 15 (12.8%) | 21 (14.9%) | 2 (8.9%) |
| Married | 102 (87.2%) | 120 (85.1%) | 22 (91.7%) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 63 (53.9%) | 82 (58.2%) | 12 (50.0%) |
| Former | 24 (20.5%) | 28 (19.8%) | 6 (25.0%) |
| Current | 30 (25.6%) | 31 (22.0%) | 6 (25.0%) |
| Alcohol drinking | |||
| Never | 62 (53.0%) | 82 (58.2%) | 12 (50.0%) |
| Former | 23 (19.7%) | 35 (24.8%) | 7 (29.12%) |
| Current | 32 (27.3%) | 24 (17.0%) | 5 (20.8%) |
| Hypertension | 62 (53.0%) | 59 (41.8%) | 10 (41.7%) |
| Diabetes | 15 (12.8%) | 20 (14.2%) | 3 (12.5%) |
| Coronary heart disease | 8 (6.8%) | 14 (9.9%) | 3 (12.5%) |
| ASA physical status | |||
| ASA I | 12 (10.3%) | 27 (19.2%) | 6 (25%) |
| ASA II | 95 (81.2%) | 93 (66.0%) | 14 (58.3%) |
| ASA III | 10 (8.6%) | 21 (14.9%) | 4 (16.7%) |
| Preoperative chronic pain | 25 (21.4%) | 33 (23.4%) | 8 (33.3%) |
| Previous surgery | 66 (56.4%) | 63 (44.7%) | 14 (58.3%) |
| Site of surgery | |||
| Stomach | 45 (38.5%) | 62 (44.0%) | 11 (45.8%) |
| Colorectum | 64 (54.7%) | 68 (48.2%) | 13 (54.2%) |
| Small bowel | 8 (6.8%)) | 11 (7.8%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Type of surgery | |||
| Open | 84 (71.8%) | 95 (67.4%) | 20 (83.3%) |
| Laparoscopic | 33 (28.2%) | 46 (32.6%) | 4 (16.7%) |
| Duration of surgery, min | 175.4 ± 60.1 | 183.4 ± 64.7 | 179.0 ± 53.5 |
| MME consumption, mg | 37.8 ± 15.8 | 45.7 ± 17.3 | 55.3 ± 18.2 |
| Number of drainage tubes | |||
| 1 | 65 (55.6%) | 78 (55.3%) | 18 (75.0%) |
| ≥ 2 | 52 (44.4%) | 63 (44.7%) | 6 (25.0%) |
| Tube retention time, day | 7.6 ± 3.4 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 9.1 ± 3.8 |
| Length of hospital stay, day | 19.5 ± 7.5 | 17.9 ± 5.9 | 20.7 ± 7.8 |
| Malignant tumor | 97 (82.9%) | 119 (84.4%) | 22 (91.7%) |
| HADS: anxiety | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 7.0) | 2.5 (1.5, 9.0) |
| Preoperative anxiety | 18 (15.4%) | 29 (20.6%) | 9 (37.5%) |
| HADS: depression | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 5.0) | 2.5 (1.0, 6.5) |
| Preoperative depression | 12 (10.3%) | 21 (14.9%) | 6 (25.0%) |
| Expected postsurgical pain intensity | 5.0 (3.0, 6.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 7.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 7.0) |
| SFQ-s | 8.0 (3.0, 14.0) | 9.0 (3.0, 15.0) | 10.5 (5.5, 25.5) |
| SFQ-l | 6.0 (2.0, 14.0) | 6.0 (1.0, 13.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 20.0) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or number (percentage). BMI body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, MME morphine milligram equivalent, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SFQ-s Surgical Fear Questionnaire short-time consequences, SFQ-l Surgical Fear Questionnaire long-time consequence.