Fig. 1. Experimental design.

787 healthy volunteers were recruited to participate in the ORIGINS project. Each participant underwent an extensive periodontal examination, metabolic assessment, and completed standard questionnaires assessing demographic and risk factor information. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from teeth with periodontal pockets <4 mm depth (healthy) and teeth with periodontal pockets ≥ 4 mm depth (diseased) where applicable. In parallel, unstimulated saliva were collected and processed for a subset of individuals. In total, 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data from 1107 subgingival plaque samples and 282 saliva samples was generated for analysis.