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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10345-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fear and anxiety-like behaviors induced by acute restraint stress. (A) Images of a mouse experiencing restraint stress (left) and a restrainer-resembling object (right). (B) Image of an experimental setting (left) and an exemplarily image of a restrainer-resembling object buried by a stressed mouse (right). (C) The timeline of experiments. (D) Contacting and burying of a restrainer-resembling object in stressed and control mice in the first experiment (day 1). Contacting behavior includes biting, carrying, touching, and manipulation of a restrainer-resembling object. (E) Cumulative duration of grooming behavior during in the first experiment (day 1) between groups. (F) Rearing behavior (also known as the attempt of escape behavior) of mice in the first experiment (day 1). (G) Total distance moved of mice during in the first experiment (day 1). (H) Changes in contacting behavior of the restrainer-resembling object over time between stress and control groups. (I) Changes in restrainer-resembling object burying behavior over time between stress and control groups. (D–I) Control (n = 8), Restraint stress (n = 8). All data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Student’s t-test was used to compare means between the stress and the control group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.