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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10345-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electrolytic lesion of the aIC in fear and anxiety-like behaviors. (A) Histological evaluation of the extent of damage made with electrolytic lesions in a series of sections of the insular cortex. Darker areas indicate complete ablation. Lighter areas indicate partial tissue damage. (B) Duration of contacting a restrainer-resembling object in four different groups: no stress (sham) n = 8, no stress (lesion) n = 7, restraint stress (sham) n = 9, and restraint stress (lesion) n = 8. (C) Burying of a restrainer-resembling object in different groups (same groups as in B). (D) Cumulative grooming duration difference between groups. (E) Cumulative duration of rearing behavior of different groups. (F) Total distance moved in each group (same group in B) during the experiment. (G) Example trajectory of four different groups. Red lines indicate trajectory of a mouse during the test. White dashed lines show how the center and border zones are defined in each experimental cage. (H) Cumulative duration in the center or border zone of different groups. (B–F, H) All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess statistical difference between groups within the no-stress and the restraint-stress group (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).