Table 3.
Non-motor and quality of life outcomes at baseline and 6-month follow-up in women and men with Parkinson’s disease.
| Women | Men | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6-MFU | Baseline vs. 6-MFUa | Baseline | 6-MFU | Baseline vs. 6-MFUa | Women vs. menb | ||||||||||||
| n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | P | ∆ [95% CI] | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | P | ∆ [95% CI] | P | ∆ [95% CI] | |
| PDQ-8 SI | 68 | 34.3 | 15.6 | 67 | 26.5 | 15.7 | <0.001 | 7.9 [4.1; 11.7] | 115 | 30.5 | 16.5 | 117 | 23.4 | 16.1 | <0.001 | 7.5 [4.5; 10.5] | 0.991 | −0.4 [−5.2; 4.4] |
| Mobility | 68 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 68 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.049 | 0.4 [0.0; 0.7] | 115 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 117 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.001 | 0.4 [0.1; 0.6] | 0.971 | 0.0 [−0.4; 0.4] |
| Activities of daily living | 68 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 68 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.034 | 0.3 [0.0; 0.7] | 115 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 117 | 1.0 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.6 [0.3; 0.8] | 0.262 | 0.2 [−0.2; 0.6] |
| Emotional well-being | 68 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 68 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.488 | 0.1 [−0.1; 0.3] | 115 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 117 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.048 | 0.2 [0.0; 0.4] | 0.437 | 0.1 [−0.2; 0.4] |
| Social support | 68 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 68 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.315 | 0.1 [−0.1; 0.4] | 115 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 117 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.413 | 0.1 [−0.1; 0.2] | 0.624 | −0.1 [−0.4; 0.4] |
| Cognition | 68 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 68 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.010 | 0.4 [0.1; 0.6] | 115 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 117 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.005 | 0.3 [0.1; 0.5] | 0.731 | −0.1 [−0.4; 0.2] |
| Communication | 68 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 68 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.336 | 0.1 [−0.1; 0.4] | 115 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 117 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.050 | 0.2 [0.0; 0.4] | 0.736 | 0.1 [−0.3; 0.4] |
| Bodily discomfort | 68 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 67 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.001 | 0.6 [0.3; 0.9] | 115 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 117 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.002 | 0.4 [0.1; 0.6] | 0.294 | −0.2 [−0.6;0.2] |
| Stigma | 68 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 68 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.012 | 0.4 [0.1; 0.7] | 115 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 117 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.002 | 0.3 [0.1; 0.5] | 0.695 | −0.1 [−0.4; 0.3] |
| NMSS total (median) [IQR] | 68 | (57.5) | [37.5; 75.5] | 68 | (37.0) | [24.3; 54.8] | <0.001 | 16.0 [−24.0; −10.5] | 120 | (48.5) | [29.5; 86.8] | 119 | (34.0) | [18.0; 54.0] | <0.001 | 15.0 [−22.0; −11.0] | 0.991 | 1.0 [−9.0; 8.0] |
| Cardiovascular | 68 | (0.0) | [0.0; 2.0] | 68 | (0.0) | [0.0; 2.0] | 0.435 | 0.0 [−0.5; 0.0] | 120 | (0.0) | [0.0; 2.0] | 119 | (0.0) | [0,0; 1.0] | 0.063 | 0.0 [−0.5; 0.0] | 0.456 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] |
| Sleep/fatigue | 68 | (14.5) | [8.0; 23.5] | 68 | (8.0) | [4.0; 14.8] | <0.001 | 5.5 [−8.0; −3.5] | 120 | (15.0) | [8.3; 24.0] | 119 | (6.0) | [2.0; 12.0] | <0.001 | 5.5 [−9.0; −5.0] | 0.399 | −0.5 [−2.0; 4.0] |
| Mood/apathy | 68 | (4.0) | [1.0; 8.0] | 68 | (2.0) | [0.0; 6.8] | 0.129 | 1.0 [−2.5; 0.0] | 120 | (2.5) | [0.0; 10.0] | 119 | (1.0) | [0.0; 6.0] | 0.022 | 1.0 [−2.5; 0.0] | 0.860 | 1.0 [−1.0; 2.0] |
| Perceptual problems/ hallucinations | 68 | (0.0) | [0.0; 0.8] | 68 | (0.0 | [0.0; 0,0] | 0.176 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] | 120 | (0.0) | [0.0; 1.0] | 119 | (0.0) | [0.0; 0.0] | 0.007 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] | 0.393 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] |
| Attention/memory | 68 | (3.0) | [0.3; 8.0] | 68 | (1.5) | [0.0; 4.0] | 0.008 | 1.0 [−3.0; −0.5] | 120 | (3.0) | [0.0; 7.8] | 119 | (3.0) | [0.0; 6.0] | 0.548 | 0.0 [−1.0; 0.5] | 0.077 | 1.0 [−3.0; 0.0] |
| Gastrointestinal | 68 | (4.0) | [0.0; 8.0] | 68 | (2.0) | [0.0; 8.0] | 0.211 | 0.0 [−2.0; 0.0] | 120 | (4.0) | [0.0; 8.0] | 119 | (2.0) | [0.0; 8.0] | 0.338 | 0.0 [−1.0; 0.0] | 0.620 | 0.0 [−1.0;1.0] |
| Urinary | 68 | (8.0) | [0.4; 17.0] | 68 | (6.0) | [2.0; 12.8] | 0.012 | 1.5 [−4.5; −0.5] | 120 | (6.0) | [2.0; 14.0] | 119 | (4.0) | [0.0; 11.0] | 0.006 | 1.5 [−3.5; −0.5] | 0.668 | 1.5 [−3.0; 2.0] |
| Sexual function | 68 | (0.0) | [0.0; 0.0] | 68 | (0.0) | [0.0; 1.0] | 0.525 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] | 120 | (0.0) | [0.0; 6.0] | 119 | (0.0) | [0.0; 4.0] | 0.128 | 0.0 [−1.0; 0.0] | 0.210 | 0.0 [0.0; 0.0] |
| Miscellaneous | 68 | (10.0) | [4.3; 17.8] | 68 | (6.0) | [2.3; 12.0] | <0.001 | 4.0 [−6.0; −2.0] | 120 | (8.0) | [4.0; 16.0] | 119 | (4.0) | [1.0; 8.0] | <0.001 | 3.0 [−5.0; −2.0] | 0.598 | 1.0 [−3.0; 2.0] |
Outcome parameters at baseline and follow-up for women and men with PD. Multiple comparisons due to multiple outcome parameters were corrected with the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Post-hoc, we explored PDQ-8 and NMSS domain outcomes. Significant results are highlighted in bold font.
6-MFU 6-month follow-up, CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range, LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, n number, NMSS Non-motor Symptom Scale, PDQ-8 SI Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-8 Summary Index.
aDependent sample t-tests were used to analyze within-group changes of outcome parameters between baseline and 6-month follow-up.
bIndependent sample t-tests were used to analyze between-group differences of change scores between women and men with PD.