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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10240-w

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diaphragm responses to single pulse photostimulation. The top panels show representative data traces from experiments in which pulse duration (a) or light intensity (b) were systematically varied. The expanded time scale traces shown in panels (a_i) and (b_i) allow viewing of evoked diaphragm EMG potentials. The average peak-to-peak amplitude of diaphragm evoked potentials in response to increasing pulse duration are shown in (c); average responses to increasing light intensity are shown in (d) (n = 4 per group). In both experiments, photostimulation was done before (blue) and after (red) unilateral phrenicotomy. Light stimulation was directed at the hemi-diaphragm ipsilateral to the phrenicotomy. Data are presented in absolute units (mV, panels c and d) or normalized to the peak to peak amplitude response at maximum stimulus intensity (panels c_i and d_i). Panel (c): 2-way RM ANOVA showed a significant effect of pulse duration (p < 0.001). The trend for reduced amplitude after phrenicotomy was not statistically significant (condition p = 0.110), nor was the interaction between duration and condition (p = 0.072). Panel (c_i): 2-way RM ANOVA (square root transformed, non-transformed data plotted), significant effect of duration (p < 0.001) but not condition (p = 0.117) or interaction (p = 0.117). Panel (d): 2-way RM ANOVA: significant effect of duration (p < 0.001) and no effect of condition (p = 0.272) or interaction (p = 0.945). Panel (d_i): 2-way RM ANOVA, significant effect of intensity (p < 0.001) but not condition (p = 0.844) or interaction (p > 0.9999).