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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10240-w

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diaphragm photostimulation can produce respiratory airflow. (a) Cycle triggered averages of airflow across the respiratory cycle during spontaneous breathing at baseline and immediately after the bilateral phrenicotomy. The upward deflection represents inspiration. Solid color lines represent mean data, shaded regions represent one standard deviation. The average respiratory airflow under these conditions is shown in panel (b). Paired t-tests showed a difference in airflow between baseline and bilateral phrenicotomy (p = 0.045). (c) Stimulus triggered averages of the respiratory flow waveform across all animals (n = 5). Blue bars represent onset and duration of stimulation. Panel (d) presents the area under the curve of the evoked airflow traces for the four stimulus conditions tested. Data are presented as mean + 1 stdev with scatter showing data for individual animals. One way repeated measures ANOVA showed an effect of stimulation on airflow (p < 0.001), black lines indicated significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).