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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6493. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10130-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Motor task in parkinsonian monkeys. (A) Vertical reaching movement task using an upper limb. The monkey rested her hand on a horizontal platform (Home key) with the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion. A green target light emitting diode (LED) was embedded in a vertical platform 15 cm above the home key. In response to the simultaneous lighting of the LED and sounding of the buzzer, the monkey was required to reach the LED with its upper limb. When the monkey touched the LED, it was rewarded with a sip of water. After the reward was received, the monkey returned her hand to the home key for the next trial. The home key and target LED were equipped with infrared optoelectrical sensors to monitor hand movements. (B) The timing of the motor task and the definition of Rest, Premovement, Movement, and Return periods.