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. 2022 Apr 20;12:6511. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10411-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Childhood trauma and FKBP5rs3800373 risk alleles moderate the relationship between the right hippocampus and CMP severity. Shown is the relationship between right hippocampal brain volume and chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain (CMP) severity in individuals from the UK Biobank study with (a) 0, (b) 1, and (c) 2 FKBP5rs3800373 risk alleles and varying degrees of childhood trauma (n = 25,280). Right hippocampal brain volume was adjusted for head size and standardized (mean = 0, SD = 1), see “Methods”. Individuals who did not often experience childhood trauma are represented by the green line (“no trauma”), individuals who often experienced one type of childhood trauma are represented by the red line (“single trauma type”), and individuals who often experienced multiple (> 2) types of childhood trauma are represented by the blue line (“multiple trauma types”). As shown in Supplementary Table 8, the interaction between FKBP5rs3800373, right hippocampal volume, and childhood trauma was statistically significant (p < 0.05).