Table 5.
Psychosocial drivers of German university students and employees participating in the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy (VBH) Survey stratified by gender, employment status, and number of doses, december 2021 (n = 930).
| Variable | Outcome |
Females (n = 682) |
Males (n = 232) |
Sig. |
Employees (n = 322) |
Students (n = 608) | Sig. |
Primer (n = 621) |
Booster (n = 242) |
Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe illness | Disagreement | 29 (4.3%) | 8 (3.4%) | 0.591 | 8 (2.5%) | 32 (5.3%) | 0.047 | 20 (3.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.005 |
| Not sure | 39 (5.7%) | 12 (5.2%) | 0.754 | 27 (8.4%) | 25 (4.1%) | 0.010 | 30 (4.8%) | 7 (2.9%) | 0.207 | |
| Agreement | 614 (90%) | 212 (91.4%) | 0.547 | 287 (89.1%) | 551 (90.6%) | 0.468 | 571 (91.9%) | 235 (97.1%) | 0.006 | |
| Symptomatic infection | Disagreement | 78 (11.4%) | 18 (7.8%) | 0.114 | 28 (8.7%) | 70 (11.5%) | 0.183 | 61 (9.8%) | 8 (3.3%) | 0.002 |
| Not sure | 190 (27.9%) | 46 (19.8%) | 0.016 | 91 (28.3%) | 151 (24.8%) | 0.257 | 164 (26.4%) | 61 (25.2%) | 0.718 | |
| Agreement | 414 (60.7%) | 168 (72.4%) | 0.001 | 203 (63%) | 387 (63.7%) | 0.855 | 396 (63.8%) | 173 (71.5%) | 0.032 | |
| Community transmission | Disagreement | 105 (15.4%) | 41 (17.7%) | 0.414 | 44 (13.7%) | 106 (17.4%) | 0.137 | 93 (15%) | 17 (7%) | 0.002 |
| Not sure | 172 (25.2%) | 43 (18.5%) | 0.038 | 77 (23.9%) | 142 (23.4%) | 0.849 | 152 (24.5%) | 55 (22.7%) | 0.589 | |
| Agreement | 405 (59.4%) | 148 (63.8%) | 0.235 | 201 (62.4%) | 360 (59.2%) | 0.341 | 376 (60.5%) | 170 (70.2%) | 0.008 | |
| Mutations control | Disagreement | 567 (83.1%) | 193 (83.2%) | 0.985 | 276 (85.7%) | 495 (81.4%) | 0.098 | 509 (82%) | 228 (94.2%) | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 71 (10.4%) | 14 (6%) | 0.047 | 27 (8.4%) | 61 (10%) | 0.414 | 66 (10.6%) | 7 (2.9%) | <0.001 | |
| Agreement | 44 (6.5%) | 25 (10.8%) | 0.031 | 19 (5.9%) | 52 (8.6%) | 0.147 | 46 (7.4%) | 7 (2.9%) | 0.013 | |
| Equal safety | Disagreement | 26 (3.8%) | 8 (3.4%) | 0.800 | 9 (2.8%) | 29 (4.8%) | 0.148 | 16 (2.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.052* |
| Not sure | 46 (6.7%) | 15 (6.5%) | 0.883 | 27 (8.4%) | 36 (5.9%) | 0.155 | 46 (7.4%) | 6 (2.5%) | 0.006 | |
| Agreement | 610 (89.4%) | 209 (90.1%) | 0.781 | 286 (88.8%) | 543 (89.3%) | 0.820 | 559 (90%) | 235 (97.1%) | <0.001 | |
| Non-inferior safety | Disagreement | 492 (72.1%) | 156 (67.2%) | 0.156 | 218 (67.7%) | 435 (71.5%) | 0.223 | 423 (68.1%) | 201 (83.1%) | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 125 (18.3%) | 52 (22.4%) | 0.174 | 71 (22%) | 113 (18.6%) | 0.207 | 146 (23.5%) | 22 (9.1%) | <0.001 | |
| Agreement | 65 (9.5%) | 24 (10.3%) | 0.718 | 33 (10.2%) | 60 (9.9%) | 0.854 | 52 (8.4%) | 19 (7.9%) | 0.802 | |
| Risk-benefit ratio | Disagreement | 54 (7.9%) | 16 (6.9%) | 0.613 | 20 (6.2%) | 53 (8.7%) | 0.176 | 33 (5.3%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0.007 |
| Not sure | 48 (7%) | 15 (6.5%) | 0.766 | 24 (7.5%) | 41 (6.7%) | 0.686 | 43 (6.9%) | 13 (5.4%) | 0.406 | |
| Agreement | 580 (85%) | 201 (86.6%) | 0.552 | 278 (86.3%) | 514 (84.5%) | 0.464 | 545 (87.8%) | 226 (93.4%) | 0.016 | |
| Self-prioritization | Disagreement | 111 (16.3%) | 44 (19%) | 0.346 | 36 (11.2%) | 126 (20.7%) | <0.001 | 101 (16.3%) | 17 (7%) | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 134 (19.6%) | 34 (14.7%) | 0.090 | 54 (16.8%) | 116 (19.1%) | 0.386 | 126 (20.3%) | 31 (12.8%) | 0.011 | |
| Agreement | 437 (64.1%) | 154 (66.4%) | 0.526 | 232 (72%) | 366 (60.2%) | <0.001 | 394 (63.4%) | 194 (80.2%) | <0.001 | |
| Global vaccine justice | Disagreement | 243 (35.6%) | 85 (36.6%) | 0.782 | 91 (28.3%) | 246 (40.5%) | <0.001 | 240 (38.6%) | 50 (20.7%) | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 260 (38.1%) | 64 (27.6%) | 0.004 | 125 (38.8%) | 203 (33.4%) | 0.099 | 222 (35.7%) | 94 (38.8%) | 0.397 | |
| Agreement | 179 (26.2%) | 83 (35.8%) | 0.006 | 106 (32.9%) | 159 (26.2%) | 0.030 | 159 (25.6%) | 98 (40.5%) | <0.001 | |
| National vaccine justice | Disagreement | 239 (35%) | 83 (35.8%) | 0.840 | 90 (28%) | 242 (39.8%) | <0.001 | 240 (38.6%) | 44 (18.2%) | <0.001 |
| Not sure | 266 (39%) | 77 (33.2%) | 0.114 | 136 (42.2%) | 210 (34.5%) | 0.021 | 226 (36.4%) | 109 (45%) | 0.019 | |
| Agreement | 177 (26%) | 72 (31%) | 0.133 | 96 (29.8%) | 156 (25.7%) | 0.175 | 155 (25%) | 89 (36.8%) | <0.001 | |
| Vaccine satisfaction | Disagreement | 350 (51.3%) | 91 (39.2%) | 0.001 | 126 (39.1%) | 320 (52.6%) | <0.001 | 305 (49.1%) | 108 (44.6%) | 0.236 |
| Not sure | 245 (35.9%) | 84 (36.2%) | 0.938 | 129 (40.1%) | 208 (34.2%) | 0.077 | 218 (35.1%) | 97 (40.1%) | 0.172 | |
| Agreement | 87 (12.8%) | 57 (24.6%) | <0.001 | 67 (20.8%) | 80 (13.2%) | 0.002 | 98 (15.8%) | 37 (15.3%) | 0.858 | |
| Vaccine selectivity | Disagreement | 311 (45.6%) | 120 (51.7%) | 0.107 | 154 (47.8%) | 285 (46.9%) | 0.782 | 281 (45.2%) | 123 (50.8%) | 0.140 |
| Not sure | 259 (38%) | 85 (36.6%) | 0.716 | 128 (39.8%) | 223 (36.7%) | 0.358 | 248 (39.9%) | 82 (33.9%) | 0.100 | |
| Agreement | 112 (16.4%) | 27 (11.6%) | 0.080 | 40 (12.4%) | 100 (16.4%) | 0.102 | 92 (14.8%) | 37 (15.3%) | 0.861 |
Chi-squared test (χ2) and Fisher's exact test (*) were used with a significance level (Sig.) ≤ 0.05. The bold values indicate the significant values.