Table 6.
Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine-related attitudes of German university students and employees participating in the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Hesitancy (VBH) Survey, december 2021 (n = 930).
| Variable | Outcome |
Rejection (n = 72) |
Sig. |
Hesitancy (n = 41) |
Sig. |
Acceptance (n = 817) |
Sig. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic determinants | Gender | Female† | 49 (7.2%) | Reference | 31 (4.5%) | Reference | 602 (88.3%) | Reference |
| Male | 19 (8.2%) | 0.615 | 10 (4.3%) | 0.881 | 203 (87.5%) | 0.755 | ||
| LGBTQ+ | 4 (25%) | 0.014 | 0 (0%) | 0.988 | 12 (75%) | 0.119 | ||
| †Pregnancy | No | 46 (6.8%) | 0.029* | 30 (4.5%) | 0.374* | 596 (88.7%) | 0.021* | |
| Yes‡ | 3 (30%) | 1 (10%) | 6 (60%) | |||||
| ‡Trimester | First trimester | 0 (0%) | Reference | 1 (100%) | Reference | 0 (0%) | Reference | |
| Second trimester | 3 (42.9%) | 0.998 | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | 4 (57.1%) | 0.998 | ||
| Third trimester | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | 0 (0%) | 1.000 | 2 (100%) | 0.996 | ||
| COVID-19-related anamnesis | Infection | No | 66 (7.5%) | 0.429* | 34 (3.9%) | 0.008* | 775 (88.6%) | 0.007 |
| Yes ψ | 6 (10.9%) | 7 (12.7%) | 42 (76.4%) | |||||
| ψnset | Before first dose | 6 (12%) | Reference | 6 (12%) | Reference | 38 (76%) | Reference | |
| Between 1st & 2nd Dose | 0 (0%) | 0.998 | 0 (0%) | 0.995 | 1 (100%) | 0.992 | ||
| After second dose | 0 (0%) | 0.996 | 1 (25%) | 0.469 | 3 (75%) | 0.964 | ||
| ψSeverity | Asymptomatic | 1 (50%) | Reference | 0 (0%) | Reference | 1 (50%) | Reference | |
| Mild | 4 (14.3%) | 0.237 | 2 (7.1%) | 0.996 | 22 (78.6%) | 0.382 | ||
| Moderate | 1 (4.2%) | 0.072 | 4 (16.7%) | 0.995 | 19 (79.2%) | 0.374 | ||
| Severe | 0 (0%) | 0.994 | 1 (100%) | 0.994 | 0 (0%) | 0.994 | ||
| ψSymptoms | Fever / Chills | 0 (0%) | 0.056* | 4 (16.7%) | 0.688* | 20 (83.3%) | 0.344 | |
| Cough | 2 (6.5%) | 0.638* | 6 (19.4%) | 0.218* | 23 (74.2%) | 0.740* | ||
| Dyspnoea | 1 (5%) | 0.639* | 2 (10%) | 0.697* | 17 (85%) | 0.500* | ||
| Fatigue | 1 (3.1%) | 0.074* | 5 (15.6%) | 0.690* | 26 (81.3%) | 0.507* | ||
| Myalgia | 2 (7.7%) | 1.000* | 4 (15.4%) | 0.704* | 20 (76.9%) | 0.941 | ||
| Headache | 2 (6.1%) | 0.354* | 5 (15.2%) | 0.697* | 26 (78.8%) | 0.748* | ||
| Loss of taste / Smell | 2 (6.9%) | 0.649* | 3 (10.3%) | 0.688* | 24 (82.8%) | 0.302 | ||
| Sore throat | 3 (11.5%) | 0.669* | 5 (19.2%) | 0.250* | 18 (69.2%) | 0.165 | ||
| Congestion | 1 (4.5%) | 0.389* | 5 (22.7%) | 0.113* | 16 (72.7%) | 0.524* | ||
| Nausea / Vomiting | 0 (0%) | 1.000* | 3 (60%) | 0.013* | 2 (40%) | 0.070* | ||
| Diarrhea | 1 (11.1%) | 1.000* | 4 (44.4%) | 0.012* | 4 (44.4%) | 0.020* | ||
| Vaccine anamnesis | Vaccinated | No | 39 (97.5%) | <0.001* | 0 (0%) | 0.252* | 1 (2.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Yes | 33 (3.7%) | 41 (4.6%) | 816 (91.7%) | |||||
 Number of doses |
One dose | 9 (20%) | Reference | 8 (17.8%) | Reference | 28 (62.2%) | Reference | |
| Two doses | 22 (3.6%) | <0.001 | 31 (5.1%) | 0.001 | 550 (91.2%) | <0.001 | ||
| Three doses | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 | 238 (98.3%) | <0.001 | ||
|
Hospitalization |
No | 33 (3.7%) | 1.000* | 38 (4.3%) | <0.001* | 814 (92%) | 0.005* | |
| Yes | 0 (0%) | 3 (60%) | 2 (40%) | |||||
|
Medical care |
No | 21 (3%) | 0.021 | 29 (4.1%) | 0.152 | 658 (92.9%) | 0.008 | |
| Yes | 12 (6.6%) | 12 (6.6%) | 158 (86.8%) |
Chi-squared test (χ2), Fisher's exact test (*) and logistic regression were used with a significance level (Sig.) ≤ 0.05.
†
Female participants.
‡
Pregnant participants.
Ψ
Participants who were infected with COVID-19.
Participants who received COVID-19 vaccine. The bold values indicate the significant values.