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. 2022 Apr 7;10:858144. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.858144

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Copyright © 2022 Arsat, Chua, Wider and Dasan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Results: assessment of structural model. NR, nurse–physician relationship; FQ, nursing foundations for quality of care; NM, nursing manager ability, leadership, and support of nurses; HA, nursing participation in hospital affairs; SR, staffing and resource adequacy.