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. 2022 Apr 7;13:865888. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865888

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Copyright © 2022 Hazrati, Malekpour, Soudi and Hashemi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of using mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles on the important axis of the immune system in the liver. Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles lead to the suppression of inflammatory responses in the liver’s microenvironment and increase anti-inflammatory responses. Some of the most important axis of the immune system involved in liver disease is TH17/Treg, NKT17/NKTreg, and M1/M2. The use of mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles leads to suppression of function Th17, NKT17, M1, and IDC and increase the differentiation and function of Treg, NKTreg, M2, and Tol DCs; HSCs, hepatic stellate cells; KCs, Kupffer cells; LSECs, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells; HEPs, Hepatocytes; Tol DCs, Tolerogenic dendritic cells; cDC, Classic dendritic cells; ECM, extracellular matrix; MSCs, Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells;, M1 Macrophage type 1; M2, Macrophage type 2; MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinase; EVs, Extracellular vesicles.