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. 2022 Apr 7;13:865888. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865888

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Copyright © 2022 Hazrati, Malekpour, Soudi and Hashemi

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Therapeutic mechanisms involved in using mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles on the function of liver cells and immune system cells. MSC-EVs exert their therapeutic functions through 3 mechanisms that have been studied in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical trials. These mechanisms include (1) proliferation induction/apoptosis suppression, (2) modulation of immune system responses, (3) reduction of fibrosis; HSCs, hepatic stellate cells; KCs, Kupffer cells; LSECs, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells; HEPs, Hepatocytes; TolDCs, Tolerogenic dendritic cells; cDC, Classic dendritic cells; ECM, extracellular matrix; MSCs, Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells;, M1 Macrophage type 1; M2, Macrophage type 2; MMPs, Matrix metalloproteinase; EVs, Extracellular vesicles.