TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the studied samples.
| All patients | Survivor | Non-survivor | P-value | |
| Patients | n = 2259 | n = 1938 | n = 321 | – |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 70.71 (62.17–79.23) | 70.31 (62.00–78.43) | 73.93 (65.35–84.04) | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, n[%]) | 1496 [66.2%] | 1302 [67.2%] | 194 [60.4%] | 0.018 |
| Ethnicity (white, n[%]) | 1423 [63.0%] | 1231 [63.5%] | 192 [59.8%] | 0.203 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.07 (25.56–31.06) | 28.07 (25.65–31.02) | 28.07 (25.15–31.53) | 0.977 |
| Marital status (married, n[%]) | 1078 [47.7%] | 951 [49.1%] | 127 [39.6%] | 0.002 |
| Admission type (emergency, n[%]) | 759 [33.6%] | 604 [31.2%] | 155 [48.3%] | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension (n[%]) | 960 [42.5%] | 874 [45.1%] | 86 [26.8%] | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia (n[%]) | 1255 [55.6%] | 1024 [52.8%] | 231 [72.0%] | <0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure (n[%]) | 1180 [52.3%] | 980 [50.6%] | 201 [62.6%] | <0.001 |
| Valvular disease (n[%]) | 538 [23.8%] | 457 [23.6%] | 81 [25.2%] | 0.520 |
| Pulmonary hypertension (n[%]) | 105 [4.6%] | 76 [3.9%] | 29 [9.0%] | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (n[%]) | 574 [25.4%] | 471 [24.3%] | 103 [32.1%] | 0.003 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (n[%]) | 354 [15.7%] | 286 [14.8%] | 68 [21.2%] | 0.003 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (n[%]) | 302 [13.4%] | 238 [12.3%] | 64 [19.9%] | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n[%]) | 978 [43.3%] | 834 [43.0%] | 144 [44.9%] | 0.541 |
| Renal disease (n[%]) | 653 [28.9%] | 528 [27.2%] | 125 [38.9%] | <0.001 |
| Severe liver disease (n[%]) | 48 [2.1%] | 25 [1.3%] | 23 [7.2%] | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 7 (5–9) | 6 (5–8) | 8 (6–10) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||
| NMLR | 6.97 (4.22–12.43) | 6.38(3.96–11.25) | 12.11 (7.22–21.05) | <0.001 |
| WBC (K/μL) | 12.20 (8.90–16.40) | 11.90 (8.78–15.80) | 14.30 (10.60–19.65) | <0.001 |
| Monocyte (K/μL) | 1.17 (0.59–39.60) | 1.13 (0.57–39.20) | 1.52 (0.78–41.47) | 0.002 |
| Neutrophil (K/μL) | 15.05 (8.65–785.16) | 14.64 (8.40–766.82) | 18.11 (10.65–939.28) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte (K/μL) | 2.49 (1.29–106.53) | 2.64 (1.36–112.08) | 1.74 (0.86–78.99) | <0.001 |
| Platelet (K/μL) | 206 (164–259) | 206 (166–256) | 204 (144–277) | 0.305 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 35.9 (31.1–40.4) | 36.3 (31.5–40.6) | 33.7 (29.4–38.3) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.8 (10.2–13.4) | 12.0 (10.3–13.5) | 10.9 (9.4–12.3) | <0.001 |
| MCH (pg) | 30.2 (28.9–31.4) | 30.2 (29.0–31.4) | 30.0 (28.5–31.2) | 0.020 |
| MCHC (%) | 33.0 (32.0–33.9) | 33.0 (32.1–34.0) | 32.3 (31.2–33.2) | <0.001 |
| MCV (fL) | 91 (88–95) | 91 (88–95) | 92 (88–97) | 0.001 |
| RBC (m/uL) | 4.01 (3.39–4.51) | 4.05 (3.44–4.53) | 3.68 (3.14–4.23) | <0.001 |
| RDW (%) | 13.9 (13.2–15.0) | 13.9 (13.2–14.8) | 14.6 (13.7–16.5) | <0.001 |
| Troponin T (ng/mL) | 0.50 (0.21–1.08) | 0.50 (0.22–0.98) | 0.50 (0.20–1.55) | 0.075 |
| CKMB (ng/mL) | 12.0 (7.0–26.0) | 12.0 (6.0–24.0) | 12.0 (7.0–41.0) | 0.021 |
| Anion Gap (mEq/L) | 15 (13–18) | 15 (13–17) | 17 (15–21) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 23 (20–26) | 23 (21–26) | 21 (18–24) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 22 (16–35) | 21 (15–31) | 32 (20–53) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.6 (8.3–9.0) | 8.6 (8.4–9.0) | 8.3 (7.7–8.7) | <0.001 |
| Chloride (mEq/L) | 103 (100–106) | 103 (100–106) | 102 (97–106) | 0.002 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 137 (110–187) | 137 (109–178) | 163 (124–233) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 139 (136–141) | 139 (136–141) | 138 (135–141) | 0.014 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.2 (3.9–4.6) | 4.2 (3.9–4.5) | 4.3 (3.8–5.0) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 118 (105–133) | 118 (105–132) | 118 (103–133) | 0.258 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 63 (55–75) | 63 (55–74) | 63 (55–76) | 0.623 |
| MBP (mmHg) | 81 (71–92) | 81 (71–92) | 80 (69–90) | 0.213 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 83 (74–95) | 82 (74–94) | 91 (78–108) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (insp/min) | 18 (15–22) | 17 (15–21) | 21 (17–25) | <0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.61 (36.39–36.94) | 36.61 (36.39–36.91) | 36.61 (36.33–36.94) | 0.649 |
| SpO2 (%) | 98 (95–100) | 99 (96–100) | 97 (94–100) | <0.001 |
| Scoring systems | ||||
| SOFA | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 9 (6–13) | <0.001 |
| SIRS | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (3–4) | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| PCI (n[%]) | 193 [8.5%] | 162 [8.4%] | 31 [9.7%] | 0.441 |
| CABG (n[%]) | 935 [41.4%] | 908 [46.8%] | 27 [8.4%] | <0.001 |
| IABP (n[%]) | 328 [14.5%] | 270 [13.9%] | 58 [18.1%] | 0.051 |
| RRT (n[%]) | 226 [10.0%] | 128 [6.6%] | 98 [30.5%] | <0.001 |
P-values less than 0.05 are indicated in bold. BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; NMLR, (neutrophil+monocyte)/lymphocyte ratio; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red cell distribution width; CKMB, creatine kinase - MB isoenzyme; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MBP, mean blood pressure; SpO2, pulse oxygen saturation; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome score; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; RRT, renal replacement therapy.