Table 3.
Selected examples of NM targeting CAMs for Imaging.
| Class of targeting ligand | Targeting ligand | CAM | Material/NM carrier | Imaging modality | Main result | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ab | Anti-VCAM-1 Ab | VCAM-1 | 35 nm CLIO magneto-optical particles | IVM | Accumulation at the site of inflammation in a mouse ear | (112) |
| Anti-αvcam-1 (clone A(429) | VCAM-1 | MPIO- DynaBeads | MR | Imaging of early atherosclerosis and microcalcifications | (113) | |
| Anti-E-selectin Ab | E-selectin | USPIO (30–50 nm) | MR | Contrast enhancement in TNF-induced inflammation of the mouse ear | (114) | |
| Anti-ICAM-1 | ICAM-1 | 64Cu-labeled latex nanoparticles (NPs) | PET | Accumulation in anti-ICAM/NPs in the inflamed lungs of LPS-challenged mice | (115) | |
| Ab fragments | Anti-human E-selectin (CD62E) F(ab‘)2 fragments | E-selectin | CLIO | MR | Binding to activated HUVECs | (116) |
| Carbohydrate based ligands | sLeX | E- and P-selectin | 35 nm CLIO | MR | Detection of E- and P-selectin in a multiple sclerosis rat model -pre-symptomatic brain imaging | (117) |
| Mimetic of sLex | E-selectin | Dextran coated USPIO | MR | Binding to HUVECs and to activated liver endothelium | (118) | |
| Qa | P-selectin | USIONPs <4 nm | MR | Binding and uptake into cancer cells | (119) | |
| Targeting peptides (primary sequences) | VHSPNKK (VHS) | VCAM-1 | Magneto-fluorescent NP, termed VNP | Intravital confocal microscopy, MR | Identification of peptide sequence by phage display. 12-fold higher binding relative to anti-VCAM-1 Ab in vitro. Binding to atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice | (120, 121) |
| Simian virus 40 (SV40)-based nanoparticles with QD | Fluorescence imaging | Imaging of atherosclerosis in live ApoE(-/-) mice | (122) | |||
| VHPKQHR (VINP-VCAM-1 internalizing peptide-28) | VCAM-1 | Magneto-fluorescent NP, CLIO-Cy5.5 termed VINP28 | MR and optical imaging | 20 times higher affinity for VCAM-1 than previously reported for VNP. Imaging of atherosclerotic mice and human atheroma | (121, 123) | |
| MB | Ultrasound | MC38 murine colon Adenocarcinoma imaging | (124) | |||
| RANLRILARY (B2702-p) | VCAM-1 | Microbubbles | Ultrasound | VCAM-1 is significantly upregulated in symptomatic patients with ath. plaques. MB binding to aortic endothelial cells. | (125) | |
| DITWDQLWDLMK (Esbp) | E-selectin | Microbubbles | Ultrasound | Imaging of ischemic myocardium | (126) | |
| HPMA-based copolymer | Fluorescence imaging | Detection of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-/- mice | (87) | |||
| IELLQAR | E-selectin (P- and L-selectin) |
Microbubbles | Ultrasound | Binding to HUVECs under flow conditions accumulation in tumor vasculature in vivo | (127) | |
| LVSVLDLEPLDAAWL | P-selectin | 50 nm dextran iron oxide particle | MR | 3-fold higher accumulation in in infarcted tissue in ischemia/reperfusion brain injury | (128) | |
| EWVDV | P-selectin | Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | Ultrasound, MR | Targeting and imaging of thrombi in models of different blood vessels under blood flow. In vivo: thrombus rabbit model | (129, 130) | |
| Aptamers | Anti-VCAM-1 ssDNA full length (11R6) or truncated (A11R6) | VCAM-1 | SPIO | Noninvasive BLI, MR | This theranostic NM was shown to bind to tumor cells in inhibit tumor growth in vivo, in addition to providing diagnostic tool | (131) |
| E-selectin thioaptamer (ESTA-1) | E-selectin | A variety of different-sized silicon particles | MR | Imaging upon direct injection into ovarian cancer in a orthotopic mouse model | (132) |
BLI, bioluminescence imaging; CLIO, crosslinked iron oxide; MPIO, microparticles of iron oxide; MB, microbubbles; MR, magnetic resonance; PET, positron emission tomography; SPIONs, Superparamagnetic nanoparticles of iron oxides; USPIO, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles; USIONPs, Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles.