Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to the level of depressive symptoms in CHARLS Waves 2011 (N, %).
| Variables |
All participants (2,579) |
No-depressive symptoms (1,085) |
Depressive symptoms (1,494) |
t/χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.06 ± 10.12 | 61.67 ± 10.29 | 60.61 ± 9.98 | 2.623 | 0.006 |
| Age groups (years) | |||||
| 45–54 | 727 (28.19) | 298 (27.47) | 429 (28.71) | 10.074 | 0.018 |
| 55–64 | 948 (36.76) | 370 (34.10) | 578 (38.69) | ||
| 65–74 | 620 (24.04) | 287 (26.45) | 333 (22.29) | ||
| ≥75 | 284 (11.01) | 130 (11.98) | 154 (10.31) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 988 (38.31) | 499 (45.99) | 489 (32.73) | 46.761 | 0.000 |
| Female | 1,591 (61.69) | 586 (54.01) | 1,005 (67.27) | ||
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate | 890 (34.51) | 328 (30.23) | 562 (37.62) | 44.975 | 0.000 |
| Less than elementary school | 1,517 (58.82) | 647 (59.63) | 870 (58.23) | ||
| High school | 102 (3.96) | 62 (5.71) | 40 (2.68) | ||
| Above vocational school | 70 (2.71) | 48 (4.42) | 22 (1.47) | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| Single | 413 (16.01) | 153 (14.1) | 260 (17.40) | 5.094 | 0.024 |
| Married | 2,166 (83.99) | 932 (85.9) | 1,234 (82.60) | ||
| Current residence | |||||
| Rural | 2,366 (91.74) | 973 (89.68) | 1,393 (93.24) | 10.526 | 0.001 |
| Urban | 213 (8.26) | 112 (10.32) | 101 (6.76) | ||
| Current smoking | |||||
| No | 1,713 (66.42) | 675 (62.21) | 1,038 (69.48) | 16.487 | 0.000 |
| Former smoke | 232 (9.00) | 118 (10.88) | 114 (7.63) | ||
| Current smoke | 634 (24.58) | 292 (26.91) | 342 (22.89) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | |||||
| No | 1,897 (73.56) | 771 (71.06) | 1,126 (75.37) | 9.220 | 0.010 |
| Less than once a month | 183 (7.10) | 74 (6.82) | 109 (7.30) | ||
| More than once a month | 499 (19.35) | 240 (22.12) | 259 (17.34) | ||
| Taking activities | |||||
| No | 1,309 (50.76) | 528 (48.66) | 781 (52.28) | 3.281 | 0.070 |
| Yes | 1,270 (49.24) | 557 (51.34) | 713 (47.72) | ||
| Chronic diseases (counts) | 1.76 ± 1.49 | 1.55 ± 1.42 | 1.92 ± 1.53 | 1.932 | 0.000 |
| Chronic diseases groups (counts) | |||||
| 0 | 554 (21.48) | 282 (25.99) | 272 (18.21) | 42.020 | 0.000 |
| 1–2 | 1,325 (51.38) | 572 (52.72) | 753 (50.40) | ||
| 3–14 | 700 (27.14) | 231 (21.29) | 469 (31.39) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| BMI categories | 23.70 ± 4.09 | 23.86 ± 4.08 | 23.58 ± 4.09 | 0.214 | 0.078 |
| <18.5 | 200 (7.75) | 68 (6.27) | 132 (8.84) | 6.808 | 0.078 |
| 18.5–24 | 1,253 (48.58) | 530 (48.85) | 723 (48.39) | ||
| 24–28 | 789 (30.59) | 348 (32.07) | 441 (29.52) | ||
| ≥28 | 337 (13.07) | 139 (12.81) | 198 (13.25) | ||