Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to the level of frailty in CHARLS Waves2011.
| Variables |
All participants (2,579) |
Robust (839) | Pre-frail (1,440) | Frailty (300) | F/χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.06 ± 10.12 | 60.11 ± 9.84 | 60.61 ± 9.88 | 65.83 ± 10.79 | 39.506 | 0.000 |
| Age groups (years) | ||||||
| 45–54 | 727 (28.19) | 263 (31.35) | 425 (29.51) | 39 (13) | 81.216 | 0.000 |
| 55–64 | 948 (36.76) | 317 (37.78) | 528 (36.67) | 103 (34.33) | ||
| 65–74 | 620 (24.04) | 185 (22.05) | 347 (24.1) | 88 (29.33) | ||
| ≥75 | 284 (11.01) | 74 (8.82) | 140 (9.72) | 70 (23.33) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 988 (38.31) | 347 (41.36) | 556 (38.61) | 85 (28.33) | 15.990 | 0.000 |
| Female | 1,591 (61.69) | 492 (58.64) | 884 (61.39) | 215 (71.67) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterate | 890 (34.51) | 245 (29.2) | 494 (34.31) | 151 (50.33) | 71.495 | 0.000 |
| Less than elementary school | 1,517 (58.82) | 505 (60.19) | 872 (60.56) | 140 (46.67) | ||
| High school | 102 (3.96) | 47 (5.6) | 49 (3.4) | 6 (2) | ||
| Above vocational school | 70 (2.71) | 42 (5.01) | 25 (1.74) | 3 (1) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 413 (16.01) | 108 (12.87) | 240 (16.67) | 65 (21.67) | 13.740 | 0.001 |
| Married | 2,166 (83.99) | 731(87.13) | 1,200 (83.33) | 235 (78.33) | ||
| Current residence | ||||||
| Rural | 2,366 (91.74) | 745 (88.8) | 1,338 (92.92) | 283 (94.33) | 14.890 | 0.001 |
| Urban | 213 (8.26) | 94 (11.2) | 102 (7.08) | 17 (5.67) | ||
| Current smoking | ||||||
| No | 1,713 (66.42) | 565 (67.34) | 932 (64.72) | 216 (72) | 9.004 | 0.061 |
| Former smoke | 232 (9) | 77 (9.18) | 127 (8.82) | 28 (9.33) | ||
| Current smoke | 634 (24.58) | 197 (23.48) | 381 (26.46) | 56 (18.67) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||
| No | 1,897 (73.56) | 594 (70.8) | 1,058 (73.47) | 245 (81.67) | 16.428 | 0.002 |
| Less than once a month | 183 (7.1) | 71 (8.46) | 93 (6.46) | 19 (6.33) | ||
| More than once a month | 499 (19.35) | 174 (20.74) | 289 (20.07) | 36 (12) | ||
| Taking activities | ||||||
| No | 1,309 (50.76) | 361 (43.03) | 769 (53.4) | 179 (59.67) | 33.617 | 0.000 |
| Yes | 1,270 (49.24) | 478 (56.97) | 671 (46.6) | 121 (40.33) | ||
| Chronic diseases (counts) | 1.76 ± 1.49 | 1.43 ± 1.33 | 1.83 ± 1.47 | 2.38 ± 1.77 | 50.520 | 0.000 |
| Chronic diseases categories | ||||||
| 0 | 554 (21.48) | 229 (27.29) | 287 (19.93) | 38 (12.67) | 80.684 | 0.000 |
| 1–2 | 1,325 (51.38) | 457 (54.47) | 732 (50.83) | 136 (45.33) | ||
| 3–14 | 700 (27.14) | 153 (18.24) | 421 (29.24) | 126 (42) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.70 ± 4.09 | 24.00 ± 4.05 | 23.61 ± 4.00 | 23.26 ± 4.55 | 4.289 | 0.014 |
| BMI categories | ||||||
| <18.5 | 200 (7.75) | 37 (4.41) | 118 (8.19) | 45 (15) | 41.081 | 0.000 |
| 18.5–24 | 1,253 (48.58) | 409 (48.75) | 703 (48.82) | 141 (47) | ||
| 24–28 | 789 (30.59) | 284 (33.85) | 434 (30.14) | 71 (23.67) | ||
| ≥28 | 337 (13.07) | 109 (12.99) | 185 (12.85) | 43 (14.33) | ||