Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of male and female participants
| Total (N = 46,872) | Male (N = 24,417) | Female (N = 22,455) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 40 (32–52) | 39 (32–50) | 41 (33–54) | <0.001 |
| Height, m | 1.64 (1.58–1.71) | 1.71 (1.67–1.75) | 1.58 (1.54–1.62) | <0.001 |
| BW, kg | 59.1 (51.0–68.4) | 66.8 (60.7–74.0) | 51.2 (46.8–56.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.8 (19.8–24.2) | 22.9 (21.2–25.2) | 20.5 (18.9–22.6) | <0.001 |
| WC, m | 0.788 (0.722–0.856) | 0.824 (0.764–0.885) | 0.745 (0.692–0.810) | <0.001 |
| ABSI | 0.0783 (0.0755–0.0812) | 0.0778 (0.0754–0.0802) | 0.0789 (0.0757–0.0823) | <0.001 |
| CAVI | 7.3 (6.7–7.9) | 7.3 (6.8–8.0) | 7.2 (6.7–7.9) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 120 (110–130) | 124 (115–132) | 114 (106–125) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 70 (63–78) | 74 (66–80) | 67 (60–74) | <0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 84 (79–90) | 86 (81–91) | 82 (78–88) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 119 (97–142) | 122 (101–144) | 114 (94–139) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 65 (54–77) | 58 (49–69) | 72 (62–84) | <0.001 |
| TG, mg/dL | 77 (55–118) | 96 (66–145) | 64 (47–90) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.73 (0.62–0.84) | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | 0.61 (0.56–0.67) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 84.1 (74.8–94.3) | 83.6 (74.7–93.2) | 84.8 (74.8–95.7) | <0.001 |
| Age ≥65 years, % | 8.4 | 7.2 | 9.7 | <0.001* |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2, % | 18.9 | 26.5 | 10.5 | <0.001* |
| High WC, % | ||||
| WC ≥85 (m) or 90 (f) cm | 23.4 | 38.5 | 6.9 | <0.001* |
| WC ≥90 (m) or 80 (f) cm | 24.3 | 20.6 | 28.4 | <0.001* |
| WC ≥102 (m) or 88 (f) cm | 6.3 | 3.3 | 9.5 | <0.001* |
| ABSI ≥0.080, % | 33.9 | 27.1 | 41.4 | <0.001* |
| CAVI ≥9.0, % | 7.3 | 8.0 | 6.4 | <0.001* |
| BP ≥130/85 mm Hg, % | 27.3 | 35.2 | 18.6 | <0.001* |
| FPG ≥100 mg/dL, % | 6.6 | 9.2 | 3.8 | <0.001* |
| FPG ≥110 mg/dL, % | 2.5 | 3.6 | 1.2 | <0.001* |
| HDL-C <40 mg/dL, % | 3.5 | 6.1 | 0.7 | <0.001* |
| TG ≥150 mg/dL, % | 15.3 | 23.6 | 6.3 | <0.001* |
| Metabolic dyslipidemia, % | 16.3 | 25.3 | 6.6 | <0.001* |
| LDL-C ≥140 mg/dL, % | 26.4 | 28.4 | 24.2 | <0.001* |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 1.000* |
| Prevalence of MetS, % | ||||
| Japan MetS | 5.5 | 9.6 | 1.0 | <0.001* |
| IDF MetS | 6.3 | 7.9 | 4.5 | <0.001* |
| NCEP-ATPIII MetS | 4.3 | 5.5 | 3.1 | <0.001* |
Data are presented as median (IQR) or percentage of patients. Metabolic dyslipidemia includes TG ≥150 and/or HDL-C <40 mg/dL. BW, body weight; BMI, body mass index; WC, weight circumference; ABSI, a body shape index; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MetS, metabolic syndrome; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; NCEP-ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III; IQR, interquartile range. Mann-Whitney U test and
Fisher's exact test were used to compare male and female subjects.