Table 2.
Baseline and follow-up measurements in evaluable participants (IN: n = 93; CON: n = 54)
| Parameters | Grp | Baseline | 10 weeks | 6 months | 1 year | Changes (baseline to 1 year) | p WG§ | p BG# | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight, kg | IN | 81.3±1.9 | 77.9±1.7 | 76.9±1.6 | 77.4±1.7 | −3.9 (−4.9, −2.9) | <0.001a | <0.001c | <0.001d |
| CON | 83.1±2.7 | 82.9±2.6 | 82.4±2.5 | 82.7±2.5 | −0.4 (−1.6, 0.8) | 0.473b | |||
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| BMI, kg/m2 | IN | 27.6±0.5 | 26.4±0.5 | 26.1±0.5 | 26.3±0.5 | −1.3 (−1.6, −1.0) | <0.001a | <0.001c | <0.001d |
| CON | 28.1±0.8 | 28.0±0.8 | 27.9±0.8 | 27.9±0.8 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) | 0.662a | |||
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| WC, cm | IN | 99±2 | 95±1 | 93±1 | 92±1 | −6 (−7, −5) | <0.001a | <0.001c | <0.001d |
| CON | 97±2 | 97±2 | 96±2 | 96±2 | −1 (−3, 1) | 0.270b | |||
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| TC, mg/dL | IN | 207±4 | 184±4 | 198±4 | 207±4 | −1 (−6, 5) | 0.806b | 0.035c | 0.019d |
| CON | 208±6 | 207±6 | 198±6 | 207±7 | −1 (−8, 5) | 0.725b | |||
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| Meas. LDL-C, mg/dL | IN | 133±4 | 118±3 | 129±4 | 136±4 | 3 (−2, 8) | 0.211b | 0.142c | 0.113d |
| CON | 140±6 | 136±6 | 138±6 | 138±6 | −2 (−8, 4) | 0.534b | |||
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| Calc. LDL-C, mg/dL | IN | 121±4 | 103±3 | 110±4 | 120±4 | −1 (−6, 4) | 0.753b | 0.008c | 0.005d |
| CON | 124±6 | 121±6 | 115±5 | 126±6 | 2 (−3, 8) | 0.534a | |||
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| Non-HDL-C, mg/dL | IN | 141±4 | 123±4 | 131±4 | 141±5 | 0 (−5, 5) | 0.987b | 0.005c | 0.003d |
| CON | 145±6 | 144±6 | 138±6 | 148±6 | 3 (−3, 10) | 0.294a | |||
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| REM-C, mg/dL | IN | 8±1 | 5±1 | 2±1 | 5±1 | −3 (−5, −2) | <0.001a | 0.003c | 0.002d |
| CON | 6±2 | 8±2 | 0±2 | 11±1 | 5 (2, 8) | <0.001a | |||
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| HDL-C, mg/dL | IN | 66±2 | 61±2 | 67±2 | 65±2 | −1 (−3, 1) | 0.418a | 0.160c | 0.208d |
| CON | 63±2 | 62±3 | 60±2 | 59±2 | −5 (−7, −2) | <0.001a | |||
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| TAG, mg/dL | IN | 103±5 | 102±5 | 105±5 | 107±5 | 4 (−3, 11) | 0.168a | 0.346c | 0.245d |
| CON | 113±11 | 116±9 | 120±10 | 112±9 | −1 (−18, 16) | 0.485a | |||
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| Glucose, mg/dL | IN | 99±1 | 94±1 | 96±1 | 99±1 | 0 (−2, 2) | 0.990b | 0.007c | 0.004d |
| CON | 101±2 | 99±2 | 103±3 | 102±3 | 1 (−3, 5) | 0.966a | |||
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| HbA1c, % | IN | 5.4±0.0 | 5.4±0.0 | 5.4±0.0 | 5.4±0.0 | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.790a | 0.002c | <0.001d |
| CON | 5.4±0.1 | 5.5±0.1 | 5.6±0.1 | 5.6±0.1 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) | <0.001a | |||
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| Insulin, µU/mL | IN | 12±2 | 13±3 | −1 (−4, 1) | 0.790a | 0.143c | 0.126d | ||
| CON | 12±1 | 12±1 | 12±1 | 12±1 | 0 (−2, 1) | <0.001a | |||
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| Systolic BP, mm Hg | IN | 134±2 | 127±2 | 129±2 | 126±2 | −8 (−11, −5) | <0.001b | 0.518c | 0.440d |
| CON | 132±2 | 127±2 | 127±2 | 127±2 | −5 (−8, −2) | 0.005a | |||
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| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | IN | 81±1 | 78±1 | 79±1 | 77±1 | −4 (−6, −2) | <0.001a | 0.744c | 0.639d |
| CON | 80±1 | 78±1 | 77±1 | 77±1 | −3 (−5, −1) | 0.001 b | |||
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| PP, mm Hg | IN | 53±1 | 50±1 | 50±1 | 49±1 | −4 (−6, −2) | 0.001 a | 0.609c | 0.100d |
| CON | 52±2 | 49±2 | 50±2 | 51±2 | −2 (−5, 1) | 0.133a | |||
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| RHR, beats/min | IN | 68±1 | 63±1 | 66±1 | 64±1 | −4 (−6, −2) | <0.001a | 0.006c | 0.009d |
| CON | 70±1 | 69±2 | 69±2 | 69±2 | −1 (−4, 1) | 0.208b | |||
Values are means ± SEM, except for qualitative variables which are expressed as n (%). Changes are expressed as means and 95% CI; WC: n = 53 (CON); TC, measured LDL-C, non-HDL-C, REM-C, HDL-C, TAG, glucose, and insulin: n = 92 (IN), n = 53 (CON); calculated LDL-C: n = 92 (IN), n = 52 (CON); HbA1c: n = 91 (IN), n = 53 (CON); systolic/diastolic BP, PP, and RHR: n = 52 (CON). SEM, standard error of the mean; CI, confidence interval; p WG, p values for within-group changes from baseline to 1 year; p BG, p values for between-group differences in 1-year trajectories; IN, intervention; CON, control; Grp, group; Meas. LDL-C, measured LDL, cholesterol; Calc. LDL-C, calculated LDL-C.
p value for within-group comparisons by the a Wilcoxon test (two-sided) and b paired t test (two-sided).
p value for between-group comparisons by c repeated measures ANCOVA, adjusted for the baseline and d repeated measures ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline, age, and sex.