Table 3.
Prevalence of severe obesity in children and adolescents according to gender
| Author Country | Years | Age-group, years | Children with severe obesity, % |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| females | males | ||||
| Skinner et al. [13] | 2015–2016 | 2–19 | >120% of 95th percentile and >140% of 95th percentile | ||
| USA | Class II | 5.2 (3.3, 7.1) | 6.7 (4.4, 8.9) | ||
| Class III | 1.8 (0.8, 2.8) | 2.0 (0.9, 3.2) | CDC cut-off | ||
|
| |||||
| Pan et al. [10] | 2000 | 2–4 | 1.85 | 1.75 | ≥120% of 95th percentile, CDC cut-off |
| USA | 2014 | 2.06 | 1.85 | ||
|
| |||||
| Marcus et al. [27] | 2006 | 12 | 6.4 | 7.5 | >99th percentile |
| USA | CDC cut-off | ||||
|
| |||||
| Skelton et al. [32] | 1999–2004 | 2–19 | 2.9 | 4.6 | >99th percentile |
| USA | CDC cut-off | ||||
|
| |||||
| Robbins et al. [11] | 2006 | 5–18 | 8.1 | 8.9 | ≥120% of 95th percentile, CDC cut-off |
| Philadelphia, USA | 2013 | 7.2 | 7.5 | ||
|
| |||||
| Nguyen et al. [1] | 2010 | 3–17 | 9 (6–12) | 6 (4–10) | >120% of 95th percentile, CDC cut-off |
| Philadelphia, USA | |||||
|
| |||||
| Kharofa et al. [6] | 2012–2014 | 2–18 | >120% of 95th percentile and 140% of 95th percentile | ||
| Cincinnati, OH, USA | Class II | 4.9 | 4.5 | ||
| Class III | 3.1 | 2.5 | CDC cut-off | ||
|
| |||||
| Day et al. [4] | 2006 | 5–14 | 5.5 | 7.2 | >120% of 95th percentile CDC cut-off |
| New York City, USA | 2011 | 4.9 | 6.4 | ||
|
| |||||
| Lo et al. [8] | 2007–2010 | 3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | >120% of 95th percentile CDC cut-off |
| Northern California, USA | 4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | ||
| 5 | 2.1 | 3.0 | |||
|
| |||||
| Lo et al. [7] | 2007–2010 | 6–17 | 5.3 | 5.8 | >120% of 95th percentile CDC cut-off |
| Northern California, USA | 6–11 | 4.2 | 6.3 | ||
| 12–17 | 4.7 | 6.9 | |||
|
| |||||
| Koebnick [47] | 2007–2008 | 2–19 | 5.5 | 7.3 | >120% of 95th percentile, CDC cut-off |
| Southern California, USA | 2–5 | 2.3 | 2.7 | ||
| 6–11 | 6.0 | 8.8 | |||
| 12–19 | 6.8 | 8.7 | |||
|
| |||||
| Carsley et al. [18] | 2009–2015 | 0–2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | BMI Z >3SD |
| Toronto, Canada | 2–5 | 0.8 | 1.7 | WHO cut-off [≥99.9th] | |
| 5–6 | 1.7 | 2.4 | |||
|
| |||||
| Carsley et al. [34] | 2004–2015 | ≤4 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | BMI Z >3SD |
| Ontario, Canada | 5–9 | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | WHO cut-off | |
| 10–14 | 2.4 (2.0, 3.0) | 3.3 (2.7, 4.0) | |||
| 15–18 | 3.8 (3.0, 4.8) | 3.5 (2.7, 4.0) | |||
|
| |||||
| Cruz et al. [35] Mexico | 2007 | 6–12 | 4.1 | 6.3 | ≥99th percentile |
| Tijuana and Ensenada, Mexico | CDC cut-off | ||||
|
| |||||
| Shackleton et al. [38] | 2010–2011 | 4 | 2.9 (2.8, 3.0) | 4.0 (3.9, 4.1) | ≥99.7th percentile |
| New Zealand | 2015–2016 | 2.5 (2.5, 2.6) | 3.2 (3.2, 3.3) | WHO cut-off | |
|
| |||||
| Farrant et al. [21] | 2007 | 13–18 | 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.3) | BMI >35 kg/m2 |
| New Zealand | IOTF cut-off | ||||
|
| |||||
| Utter et al. [22] | 2007 | 13–18 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.2) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.3) | BMI >35 kg/m2 |
| New Zealand 2007–2012 | 2012 | 4.2 (2.5, 6.0) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.3) | IOTF cut-off | |
|
| |||||
| Nam et al. [9] | 2014 | 2–9 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.9) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.7) | >120% of 95th percentile CDC cut-off |
| Korea | 10–19 | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 4.7 (3.4, 6.5) | ||
| 2001–2014 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Chen et al. [36] | 2017 | 2–7 | 0.17 | 0.39 | Weight-for height |
| Xiamen, China | 2 | 0.08 | 0.24 | >50% reference population | |
| 2011–2017 | 3 | 0.14 | 0.17 | WHO cut-off | |
| 4 | 0.09 | 0.28 | |||
| 5 | 0 | 0.34 | |||
| 6 | 0.55 | 0.86 | |||
|
| |||||
| Zhang [24] | 1995 | 7–18 | 0.11 | 0.25 | BMI >35 kg/m2 |
| China | 2014 | 7–12 | 1.29 | 2.73 | IOTF cut-off |
| 1995–2014 | 2014 | 13–18 | 1.95 | 3.93 | |
| 0.63 | 1.51 | ||||
|
| |||||
| Ells et al. [30] | 2006–2013 | 4–5 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 99.9th percentile of the British 1990 (UK90) growth reference |
| United Kingdom | 10–11 | 2.9 | 3.9 | ||
| Beynon and Bailey [40] | 2017–2018 | 4–5 | 3.0 (2.7–3.2) | 3.6 (3.4–3.9) | 99.6th percentile Royal College of Paediatrics |
| Wales, United Kingdom | |||||
| 2017–2018 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Bohn et al. [42] | 2005 | <21 | 11.2 | 12.2 | ≥99.5th percentile for age and sex |
| Germany | 2015 | 11.2 | 13.8 | ||
| 2005–2015 | |||||
|
| |||||
| Segna et al. [39] | 2003–2004 | 2–16 | 1.9 | 2.3 | BMI ≥99.5th percentile of German national reference |
| Vienna, Austria | |||||
|
| |||||
| Cadenas-Sanchez et al. [41] | 2014–2015 | 4.6±0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | >120% of 95th percentile and >140% of 95th percentile |
| Spain | |||||
| WHO cut-off | |||||
|
| |||||
| van Dommelen et al. [15] | 1980–2009 | 2–5 | 1.00 | 0.53 | >120% of 95th percentile |
| Holland | 6–11 | 0.63 | 0.62 | WHO cut-off | |
| 12–18 | 0.17 | 0.60 | |||
|
| |||||
| Twig et al. [14] | 1967–2015 | 17 | >120% of 95th percentile and >140% of 95th percentile | ||
| Israel | Class II | 1.2 | 1.9 | ||
| 1967–2015 | Class III | 0.4 | 0.5 | CDC cut-off | |
|
| |||||
| El Mouzan et al. [19] | 2005 | 5–12 | 1.0 | 2.0 | BMI >3 SDS |
| Saudi Arabia | 12–18 | 2.1 | 2.6 | WHO cut-off | |
|
| |||||
| AlBlooshi et al. [25] | 2013–2015 | 3–6 | 3.4 | 2.5 | BMI ≥99th percentile |
| United Arab Emirates | 7–10 | 4.4 | 3.9 | CDC cut-off | |
| 11–14 | 5.6 | 7.1 | |||
| 15–18 | 7.2 | 9.6 | |||
IOTF, International Obesity Task Force.