Table 2.
Linear regression predicting change in VPDs as a function of change in percentage of households with toilets, controlling for change in other covariates and baseline (pre-SBM) annual incidence of VPDs (N=532)
| Covariates | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
| Outcome: change in diphtheria per 1000 u5 children | Outcome: change in pertussis per 1000 u5 children | Outcome: change in tetanus per 1000 u5 children | Outcome: change in measles per 1000 u5 children | |||||
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
| Change in percentage of households with toilets | 0.006 | (−0.026 to 0.039) | −0.007 | (−0.020 to 0.006) | −0.000 | (−0.021 to 0.020) | −0.328* | (−0.641 to −0.014) |
| Change in percentage of households with electricity | 0.009 | (−0.014 to 0.033) | −0.006 | (−0.014 to 0.001) | −0.001 | (−0.010 to 0.007) | 0.144 | (−0.013 to 0.302) |
| Change in percentage of households with clean drinking water | −0.011 | (−0.030 to 0.008) | 0.003 | (−0.012 to 0.018) | −0.009 | (−0.021 to 0.004) | −0.161 | (−0.389 to 0.066) |
| Change in percentage of households with clean cooking fuel | 0.013 | (−0.009 to 0.034) | 0.005 | (−0.006 to 0.017) | −0.011 | (−0.025 to 0.002) | −0.127 | (−0.369 to 0.114) |
| Change in percentage of women with 10th grade or higher education | 0.012 | (−0.023 to 0.046) | 0.015 | (−0.014 to 0.043) | 0.010 | (−0.006 to 0.026) | 0.432 | (−0.078 to 0.941) |
| Change in percentage of ≤1 year old children with DPT vaccination | −0.004 | (−0.024 to 0.015) | 0.004 | (−0.002 to 0.010) | −0.015 | (−0.035 to 0.005) | – | – - – |
| Change in percentage of ≤1 year old children with measles vaccination | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.128 | (−0.326 to 0.070) |
| Change in percentage of births in hospitals | 0.005 | (−0.022 to 0.031) | −0.011 | (−0.024 to 0.002) | 0.008 | (−0.015 to 0.032) | 0.166 | (−0.115 to 0.447) |
| Baseline (pre-SBM) diphtheria per 1000 u5 children | −0.997*** | (−1.020 to −0.975) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Baseline (pre-SBM) pertussis per 1000 u5 children | – | – | −0.999*** | (−1.003 to −0.996) | – | – | – | – |
| Baseline (pre-SBM) tetanus per 1000 u5 children | – | – | – | −1.001*** | (−1.006 to −0.996) | – | – | |
| Baseline (pre-SBM) measles per 1000 u5 children | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.767*** | (−0.897 to −0.638) |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
DPT, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus; SBM, Swachh Bharat Mission; u5, under 5-year old; VPD, vaccine preventable disease.