Table 1.
Antimicrobial resistance profiles of ESBL-EC isolates from abattoir workers, beef cattle, and abattoir environments in Abuja and Lagos—Nigeria.
| Drug class | Antimicrobial drugs | Resistance breakpoint (mm) | Humans (n = 40; %) | Cattle (n = 44; %) | Environs (n = 13; %) | Humans vs. cattle (χ 2; p) | Humans vs environs (χ 2; p) | Cattle vs. environs (χ 2; p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetracycline | Tetracycline (30 μg) | <11 | 37 (92.5) | 31 (70.5) | 12 (92.3) | 6.52 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.98) | 2.54 (0.11) |
| Folate pathway antagonists | Trimethoprim (5 μg) | <10 | 37 (92.5) | 25 (56.8) | 12 (92.3) | 13.64 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.98) | 5.45 (0.02) |
| Sulfonamides (300 μg) | <12 | 37 (92.5) | 27 (61.3) | 12 (92.3) | 11.06 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.98) | 4.37 (0.04) | |
| Penicillins | Ampicillin (10 μg) | <13 | 40 (100) | 44 (100) | 13 (100) | 0.89 (0.35) | 2.85 (0.09) | 3.14 (0.08) |
| Quinolones | Nalidixic acid (30 μg) | <13 | 37 (92.5) | 26 (59.1) | 12 (92.3) | 12.32 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.98) | 4.90 (0.03) |
| Ciprofloxacin (5 μg) | <21 | 39 (97.5) | 41 (93.2) | 13 (100) | 0.85 (0.36) | 0.33 (0.57) | 0.92 (0.34) | |
| Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin (10 μg) | <12 | 12 (30) | 2 (4.5) | 5 (38.5) | 9.66 (0.00) | 0.32 (0.57) | 10.53 (0.00) |
| Phenicols | Chloramphenicol (30 μg) | <12 | 12 (30) | 4 (9.1) | 2 (15.4) | 5.87 (0.02) | 1.06 (0.30) | 0.41 (0.52) |
| Macrolides | Azithromycin (15 μg) | <12 | 10 (25) | 39 (88.6) | 2 (15.4) | 34.49 (0.00) | 0.51 (0.48) | 26.20 (0.00) |
| Nitrofurans | Nitrofurantoin (300 μg) | <14 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15.67 (0.00) | 3.35 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.37) |
| Carbapenems | Imipenem (10 μg) | <19 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15.67 (0.00) | 3.35 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.37) |
| Meropenem (10 μg) | <19 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15.67 (0.00) | 3.35 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.37) | |
| Cephalosporins | Cefotaxime (30 μg) | <22 | 40 (100) | 44 (100) | 13 (100) | 0.89 (0.35) | 2.85 (0.09) | 3.14 (0.08) |
| Ceftazidime (30 μg) | <17 | 36 (90) | 39 (88.6) | 12 (92.3) | 0.04 (0.84) | 0.06 (0.81) | 0.14 (0.71) | |
| Cefoxitin (30 μg) | <14 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 15.67 (0.00) | 3.35 (0.07) | 0.82 (0.37) | |
| Resistance to 3 or more classes of antibiotics | MDR | n/a | 40 (100) | 43 (97.7) | 13 (100) | 0.91 (0.34) | 2.85 (0.09) | 0.30 (0.59) |
χ2, Chi-square; p, p-value; n, total number.
Bold means statistically significant p-values.