TABLE 2.
Phenotypes significantly correlated with weight loss (first 6 mo of intervention) and weight regain (6 mo to 2-4 y depending upon study)
| Weight status | Weight loss | Weight regain | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adiposity (36,37) | Baseline | r = 0.27, P < 0.001 | r = −0.24, P = 0.05 |
| Hunger (38) | Changes with weight loss | r = 0.35, P = 0.002a | |
| Dietary restraint (39,40)b | Initial | r = −0.15, P = 0.03 | |
| Changes with weight loss | r = 0.35, P < 0.01 | r = −0.36, P < 0.01 | |
| Anxiety/neuroticism (41) | Baseline | r = 0.50, P < 0.01 | |
| Depression and antidepressant use (42) | Initial | N.S. | Increased hazard ratio for weight regain of 1.31 (P = 0.03) for depression and 1.72 (P < 0.005) for antidepressant use |
| Leptin (adjusted for FM and age)b (43) | Initial | r = 0.30, P = 0.009 | N.S. |
| Ghrelin (43) | Baseline | r = 0.31, P = 0.014 | N.S. |
| Leptin/ghrelinc (43,44) | Baseline | r = −0.33, P = 0.009 | Baseline ratio of leptin/ghrelin was associated with an increased risk for weight regain (odds ratio 1.051; P = 0.008) |
| RMR (36) | Baseline | N.S. | r = −0.38, P = 0.01 |
| ACE (45) | Baseline | N.S. | r = 0.23, P = 0.012 |
| TSHd (46) | Baseline | r = −0.36, P < 0.001 | N.S. |
| Free T3d (46) | Baseline | r = −0.33, P = 0.002 | N.S. |
| ΔTSH from baselined (46) | Reduced | N.S. | r = −0.20, P = 0.009 |
| ΔFree T3 from baselined (46) | Reduced | N.S. | r = −0.22, P = 0.003 |
Data are correlation coefficients of various anatomic, behavioral, biochemical, and physiological phenotypes (independent variables) with weight loss during lifestyle intervention or weight regain once weight loss was completed (dependent variables) except as otherwise indicated. R values are unadjusted unless otherwise noted.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; FM, fat mass; N.S., not significant; RMR, resting metabolic rate; T3, triiodothyronine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Corrected for meeting attendance and self-monitoring in a 6-month outpatient weight-loss program.
Dietary restraint prior to weight loss and changes occurring during weight loss have been independently associated with the degree of weight loss and weight regain.
Adjusted for fat mass.
Pediatric studies adjusted for age, sex, and pubertal stage and correlated with BMI-SDS at baseline after a 1-year intervention or change in BMI-SDS from year 1-2 after the intervention.