Table 2.
Demographic data and disease characteristics of the study groups.
| Control vs. All Patients | DM vs. DR | Control vs. DR | NPDR vs. PDR | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Control | All Patients | p | OR (95% CI) | DM | DR | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | NPDR | PDR | p | OR (95% CI) |
| Number | 11 | 59 | 10 | 49 | 26 | 23 | ||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 62.9 ± 17.29 | 64.2 ± 11.49 | 0.52 | 70.7 ± 7.13 | 62.9 ± 11.75 | 0.9 | 0.62 | 65.6 ± 11.16 | 59.7 ± 11.63 | 0.9 | ||||
| ≤ 50 | 3 (27.3) | 5 (8.5) | 0.07 | Reference | 0 (0) | 5 (10.2) | 0.29 | Reference | 0.13 | Reference | 1 (3.8) | 4 (17.4) | 0.12 | Reference |
| > 50 | 8 (72.7) | 54 (91.5) | 4.05 (0.81-20.31) | 10 (100) | 44 (89.8) | 0 | 3.3 (0.65-16.63) | 25 (96.2) | 19 (82.6) | 0.19 (0.02-1.84) | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 7 (63.6) | 15 (25.4) | 0.01 | Reference | 4 (40) | 11 (22.4) | 0.01 | Reference | 0.007 | Reference | 5 (19.2) | 6 (26.1) | 0.6 | Reference |
| Male | 4 (36.4) | 44 (74.6) | 5.13 (1.32-20.02) | 6 (60) | 38 (77.6) | 2.3 (0.55-9.64) | 6.05 (1.49-24.51) | 21 (80.8) | 17 (73.9) | 0.67 (0.18-2.6) | ||||
| Other | ||||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 3.08 | 31.1 ± 6.29 | 0.24 | NA | 30.4 ± 4.53 | 31.2 ± 6.54 | 0.4 | NA | 0.25 | NA | 31.9 ± 5.56 | 30.5 ± 7.26 | 0.9 | NA |
| HbA1c (µmol/L) | 5.6 ± 0.74 | 7.5 ± 2.63 | < 0.001 | NA | 6.6 ± 1.12 | 7.7 ± 2.82 | 0.02 | NA | < 0.001 | NA | 6.9 ± 2.88 | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 0.06 | NA |
| Creatinine | 75.8 ± 21.58 | 95.5 ± 48.58 | 0.1 | NA | 82 ± 14.71 | 97.9 ± 52.07 | 0.25 | NA | 0.1 | NA | 101.3 ± 48.68 | 94.8 ± 54.79 | 0.8 | NA |
Data are represented as number (percentage) or mean ± standard deviation (SD). DM, diabetes mellitus patients without retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy. OR (95% CI), odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Mann Whitney u test for quantitative variables and chi-square test for qualitative data were applied. Items in italics indicate p < 0.05. NA, not applicable.