Table 5.
Diagnostic performance of lncRNA gene expression.
| lncRNA | C vs DM | C vs NPDR | C vs PDR | C vs DR | DM vs NPDR | DM vs PDR | DM vs DR | NPDR vs PDR | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | AUC ± SE | p | |
| ANRIL | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 5.2E-13 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 2.7E-27 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 1.6E-14 | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 4.2E-21 | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 9.5E-07 | 0.4 ± 0.11 | 1.7E-04 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 2.4E-06 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 1.5E-05 |
| H19 | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 1.1E-13 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 2.5E-15 | 0.69 ± 0.1 | 5.7E-11 | 0.73 ± 0.09 | 2.7E-14 | 0.56 ± 0.11 | 5.7E-07 | 0.48 ± 0.11 | 1.8E-05 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | 4.9E-07 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 5.4E-07 |
| HOTAIR | 0.66 ± 0.12 | 5.8E-08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 1.3E-20 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7E-11 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 1.4E-16 | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 1.9E-08 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 6.3E-06 | 0.57 ± 0.1 | 5.4E-08 | 0.29 ± 0.07 | 1.3E-04 |
| HULC | 0.81 ± 0.1 | 4.8E-16 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 3.6E-66 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 9.0E-20 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 3.8E-34 | 0.61 ± 0.11 | 3.7E-08 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | 5.8E-05 | 0.53 ± 0.1 | 3.2E-07 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 8.4E-05 |
| MALAT1 | 0.65 ± 0.12 | 2.0E-07 | 0.69 ± 0.1 | 2.0E-11 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 9.3E-07 | 0.62 ± 0.1 | 7.3E-10 | 0.54 ± 0.11 | 1.3E-06 | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 2.3E-04 | 0.47 ± 0.1 | 3.4E-06 | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 3.1E-05 |
| MEG3 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | 4.4E-04 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 1.8E-06 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.1E-04 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 2.0E-06 | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 4.0E-07 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | 5.1E-05 | 0.51 ± 0.1 | 7.9E-07 | 0.36 ± 0.08 | 7.1E-06 |
| MIAT | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 7.6E-12 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 1.7E-30 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 2.9E-14 | 0.82 ± 0.08 | 9.1E-22 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 3.3E-06 | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 6.6E-05 | 0.48 ± 0.1 | 2.4E-06 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 1.3E-05 |
| WISPER | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 2.5E-11 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 7.3E-51 | 0.76 ± 0.09 | 8.7E-15 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 3.8E-26 | 0.62 ± 0.11 | 1.9E-08 | 0.46 ± 0.11 | 3.5E-05 | 0.54 ± 0.1 | 1.7E-07 | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 5.5E-05 |
| ZFAS1 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 5.2E-13 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 4.5E-24 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7E-11 | 0.78 ± 0.09 | 1.3E-17 | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 6.8E-07 | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 4.2E-04 | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 3.9E-06 | 0.3 ± 0.08 | 7.4E-05 |
Receiver operating characteristics curve was applied to differentiate between groups. A 95% confidence interval was constructed for each AUC and two-tailed Z-critical values were used to calculate p-values, . Statistical significance was considered 0.05. DR included both NPDR and PDR. DR, diabetic retinopathy; DM, diabetes mellitus; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Method:
1. Sensitivity (also called True Positive Rate - TPR) was calculated for each group [C (n=11), DM (n=10), NPDR (n=26), PDR (n=23)]. Sensitivity is the probability of testing positive given that the event (disease) is positive.
2. False Positive rate (FPR) was calculated similarly. FPR is the probability of testing positive given that the event (disease) is negative.
3. Area under the curve (AUC) was approximated by summing of all the rectangles made with two sets of consecutive TPR and FPR. Formula: middle of TPR’s multiplied by change in FPR’s.
4. To calculate p-values, a confidence interval was created for each AUC. First, q0, q1, and q2 were calculated using the above formula. Then the Standard Error (SE) was calculated with n being the sample size. Alpha was considered 0.05.
5. Two-tailed Z-critical value was calculated using NORM.S.INV() function. Using the z-values and SE’s lower and upper bounds of the 95% confidence interval was calculated.
6. P-values were calculated using P = exp(−0.717×z − 0.416×z2). [https://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d2304].