Table 1.
Patient characteristics and outcomes based on subtypes at ICU discharge
| All patients (N = 467) | Subtype A (N = 244) | Subtype B (N = 223) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years† | 64 (53–75) | 60 (49–70) | 69 (58–78) | < 0.001 |
| Male gender | 293 (62.7%) | 141 (57.7%) | 152 (68.1%) | 0.028 |
| BMI, kg/m2† | 27 (23–31) | 26 (22–29) | 28 (24–32) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities† | ||||
| Charlson age–comorbidity index | 3 (2–5) | 3 (1–4) | 4 (3–6) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 98 (20.9%) | 34 (13.9%) | 64 (28.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 35 (7.4%) | 10 (4.1%) | 25 (11.2%) | 0.004 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 40 (8.5%) | 16 (6.5%) | 24 (10.7%) | 0.10 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 220 (47.1%) | 95 (38.9%) | 125 (56.0%) | 0.005 |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 53 (11.3%) | 6 (2.4%) | 47 (21.0%) | < 0.001 |
| COPD, n (%) | 50 (10.7%) | 31 (12.7%) | 19 (8.5%) | 0.14 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 31 (6.6%) | 14 (5.7%) | 17 (7.6%) | 0.89 |
| Active cancer, n (%) | 69 (14.7%) | 37 (15.1%) | 32 (14.3%) | 0.99 |
| Organ dysfunction | ||||
| Septic shock (Sepsis-3), n (%) † | 127 (27.1%) | 57 (23.3%) | 70 (31.3%) | 0.04 |
| SAPS II† | 51 (38–61) | 48 (36–59) | 53 (41–65) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA at inclusion | 8 (5–10) | 6 (4–9) | 9 (6–11) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA at ICU discharge | 1 (0–5) | 0 (0–4) | 1 (0–5) | 0.22 |
| ICU stay and organ support | ||||
| Duration of ICU stay, days | 13 (8–22) | 14 (9–22) | 12 (8–22) | 0.26 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%)† | 426 (91.2%) | 231 (94.6%) | 195 (87.4%) | 0.41 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation, days | 7 (4–14) | 7 (4–14) | 10 (5–16) | 0.27 |
| Vasopressors use, n (%)† | 403 (86.2%) | 202 (82.7%) | 201 (90.1%) | 0.003 |
| RRT during ICU stay, n (%) | 109 (23.3%) | 25 (10.2%) | 84 (37.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Primary outcome | ||||
| One-year mortality, n (%) | 115 (24.6%) | 39 (16.0%) | 76 (34.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Duration of hospitalization after ICU discharge, days | 11 (4–24) | 11 (4–27) | 12 (2–22) | 0.68 |
| Rehospitalization at 3 months, n (%)§ | 113 (36.5%) | 54 (32.1%) | 59 (41.5%) | 0.086 |
| SF-36 PCS at 3 months‖ | 40 (24–54) | 41 (23–58) | 36 (22–51) | 0.43 |
| SF-36 MCS at 3 months‖ | 45 (33–67) | 45 (32–67) | 44 (31–65) | 0.80 |
| Mortality at 3 months, n (%)‡ | 78 (16.7%) | 21 (8.6%) | 57 (25.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Rehospitalization at 6 months, n (%)¶ | 131 (47.0%) | 61 (40.1%) | 70 (55.1%) | 0.012 |
| SF-36 PCS at 6 months$ | 44 (29–66) | 47 (34–69) | 37 (25–62) | 0.009 |
| SF-36 MCS at 6 months$ | 50 (27–77) | 50 (21–74) | 62 (31–91) | 0.52 |
| Mortality at 6 months, n (%) | 92 (19.7%) | 30 (12.3%) | 62 (27.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Rehospitalization at 12 months, | ||||
| n (%)ǀ | 160 (50.3%) | 87 (48.6%) | 73 (52.5%) | 0.48 |
| SF-36 PCS at 12 months• | 50 (31–74) | 60 (37–81) | 47 (23–63) | 0.34 |
| SF-36 MCS at 12 months• | 58 (39–76) | 43 (16–90) | 28 (4–50) | 0.22 |
Continuous variables were expressed as median (IQR) and were compared with the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers (%) and were compared with the Fisher exact test or the Chi square test as appropriate
ICU intensive care unit, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiologic Score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, RRT renal replacement therapy, SF-36 short form-36 questionnaire, PCS physical component score, MCS mental component score, IQR interquartile range
†At inclusion
‡After ICU discharge, in-hospital deaths proportion during the same hospitalization at 3 months was 50% in subtype A versus 47% in subtype B (p = 0.79)
§Values calculated for 310 patients
¶Values calculated for 279 patients
ǀValues calculated for 318 patients
No significant difference in missing information for readmission was found between subtypes A and B at 3, 6 and 12 months (Chi square test)
‖values calculated for 172 patients
$Values calculated for 169 patients
•Values calculated for 119 patients
No significant difference in SF-36 response rate was found between subtypes A and B at 3, 6 and 12 months (Chi square test)
Primary outcome is presented at one year after ICU discharge. Secondary outcomes are presented at 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after ICU discharge. A higher SF-36 score indicated a better mental and physical function