Figure 5.

Cytokine production capacity is intact in people recovered from COVID-19. The concentrations of (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-6 after stimulation of PBMCs with LPS, C. albicans, S. aureus, R848, and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2. (C) IL-1β production following S. aureus and R848 stimulation. (D) IFNα levels after incubation with R848 and heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2. (E) IL-1Ra and (F) IFN-γ at the baseline (RPMI condition) and stimulation with R848 and SARS-CoV-2. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFNα and IL-1Ra productions were measured after 24 hours, while IFN-γ was measured after 7 days of incubation. Stimulations with R848 and SARS-CoV-2 were performed later with cryopreserved cells, while the rest of the stimulations were done with freshly isolated PBMCs. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the differences between controls and convalescent patients (*P value < 0.05, **P value < 0.001).