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. 2022 Apr 21;17(4):e0266346. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266346

Table 1. Summary of main characteristics of oral cancer cost studies from 2001 to 2020 (n = 24).

Study Country Sample (size, age, sex) Cancer anatomical sites
Longitudinal studies
1. Kim, 2011 [23] UK 11,403 (mean age 63.2 years old; female (30.2%); male (69.8%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; oral cavity; pharynx; larynx
2. Polesel, 2019 [26] Italy 879 (18–54 (20.6%); 55–59 (18.8%); 60–64 (19.1%) 65–69 (22.4%); 70–75 (19.1%)); female (19.2%); male (80.8%) Oral cavity; oropharynx; hypopharynx; larynx
3. Jacobson, 2012 [24] USA 6,812 (mean age: commercial 53.42; medicare 74.51; medicaid 53.36 years old; male: commercial (68.7%); medicare (65.4%); medicaid (58.8%) Lip; base of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; other and unspecified parts of mouth; oral cavity; salivary gland cancer; major salivary gland; oropharynx
4. Pollaers, 2019 [25] Australia 113 (mean age 60 years old; female (39.0%); male (61.0%)) Other and unspecified parts of tongue; floor of mouth; retromolar trigone
5. Huang, 2020 [27] Taiwan 50,784 (mean age 55.0 years old; female (9.0%); male (91.0%)) Lip; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; pyriform sinus; hypopharynx; other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range
Cross-sectional and case control studies
6. Rezapour, 2018 [29] Iran 3,024 (mean age 55.27 years old; female (37.8%); male (62.2%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; floor of mouth; buccal
7. van Aghtoven, 2001 [35] The Netherlands 854 (not informed) Oral cavity; oropharynx; larynx
8. Fisher, 2018 [36] USA 462 (mean age 61.1 years old; female (19.3%); male (80.7%)) Oral cavity; oropharynx; hypopharynx/larynx; salivary glands; nasopharynx; other/unknown
9. Nijdam, 2005 [32] The Netherlands 344 (mean age 56 (34–87) years-old; male (62.5%) and female (37.5%)) Oropharynx
10. Amarasinghe, 2019 [18] Sri Lanka 69 (40–50 (24.6%); 50–60 (43.5%); 60–70 (17.4%); >70 (14.5%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth
11. Goyal, 2014 [33] India 100 (mean age 50.17 years old; female (8.0%); male (92.0%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; floor of mouth; buccal mucosa; retromolar trigone
12. Zavras, 2002 [37] Greece 95 (not informed) Upper lip, inner aspect; lower lip, inner aspect; lip, unspecified, inner aspect; commissure of lip; overlapping lesion of lip; lip, unspecified; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth
13. van der Linden, 2016 [38] The Netherlands 125 (72% <65 years old, 28% > 65 years old) Oral cavity; oropharynx; hypopharynx; nasopharynx; larynx
14. Epstein, 2008 [34] USA 695 (mean age 63.49 years old; female (53.7%); male (46.3%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; other and unspecified parts of mouth; oropharynx; pharynx; nasopharynx; hypopharynx; Waldeyer’s ring
15. Lafuma, 2019 [30] France 267 (mean age 62 years old; female (15.0%); male (85.0%)) Base of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; tonsil; oropharynx; nasopharynx; piriform sinus; hypopharynx; larynx
16. Patterson, 2020 [31] Global stratified by region and income 195 countries (data repositories) (not informed) Lip; palate; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; oral cavity; other and unspecified parts of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; other pharynx; nasopharynx; larynx; thyroid
17. Han, 2010 [39] China 456 (mean age 54.63 years old; female (38.6%); male (61.4%)) Lip; other and unspecified parts of tongue; floor of mouth; palate; oral cavity; buccal mucosa, gingival tissues; retromolar trigon
18. Enomoto, 2015 [40] USA 7,383 (female (38.8%); male (61.2%)) Lip; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; salivary gland; nasopharynx; hypopharynx
19. Lairson, 2017 [41] USA 934 (mean age 54 years old; female (18.2%); male (81.8%)) Base of tongue; soft palate; uvula; lingual tonsil; oropharynx; pharynx otherwise unspecific
20. Kim, 2020 [19] Korea 62,265 (not informed) Lip; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; pyriform sinus; hypopharynx; other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity and pharynx is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range
Cross-sectional studies based on information system data
21. Vatanasapt, 2012 [20] Thailand 207,439 visits (outpatient) and 8,360 admissions (inpatient) (not informed) Other and unspecified parts of mouth; oral cavity; oropharynx; nasopharynx; hypopharynx; pharynx; larynx; parathyroid gland; external and middle ear; malignant melanoma; non-melanoma skin cancer; benign neoplasms
22. Klussmann, 2013 [28] Germany 63,857 hospitalizations, 4,898 inpatient rehabilitations, and 17,494 sick leaves (age group: 15–80 years old; female (20.0%); male (80.0%)) Base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth; oral cavity; tonsil; oropharynx; pharynx; nasopharynx; larynx
23. Keeping, 2018 [21] England 21,498 attendances (outpatient) and 27,326 hospital spells (inpatient) per year (not informed) Lip; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; oral cavity; other and unspecified parts of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; larynx
24. Milani, 2021 [22] Brazil 117,317 admissions and 6,22,236 outpatient procedures (not informed) Lip; base of tongue; other and unspecified parts of tongue; gum; floor of mouth; palate; other and unspecified parts of mouth; tonsil; oropharynx