Figure 1. Experimental design.

Paired male California mice (Peromyscus californicus) with and without pups were randomly assigned to receive three subcutaneous injections over five nights of either testosterone (T) or saline/control (C). After the third and last injection, we deployed the remote sensing equipment (automated radio telemetry, audio recording, and thermal imaging) to record individual behaviors for three consecutive nights. Data were collected from California mice at the Hastings Natural History Reserve in 2015. Created with https://biorender.com/.